General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Union Cabinet announced National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) as a standalone Centre-sponsored scheme under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare.

Background

• 2019: Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) was renamed Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhti (BPKP) and integrated as a sub-scheme under the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY).
• 2023-24: BPKP was further renamed as National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF).
• Under BPKP the financial assistance was provided for 3 years @ Rs. 12,200/ha.

Need

• There is a need to improve the quality of soil and maintain the health of the people with chemical-free food.
• The Mission is designed to support farmers to reduce input cost of cultivation and dependency to externally purchased inputs.
• To scientifically revive and strengthen agriculture practices towards sustainability, climate resilience and healthy food.

Major Highlights of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)

• Aim: To promote natural farming among one-crore farmers across the country.
• Cluster-Based Approach: Targeting 15,000 clusters in Gram Panchayats allows for focused implementation and better resource allocation.
• Bio-Input Resource Centers (BRCs): Establishing 10,000 BRCs will ensure easy access to essential bio-inputs, making it convenient for farmers to adopt natural farming practices.
• Model Demonstration Farms: 2000 NF Model Demonstration Farms shall be established at Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), Agricultural Universities (AUs) and farmers’ fields.
• They shall be supported by experienced and trained Farmer Master Trainers.
• Certification and Market Access: A simplified certification system and dedicated branding will facilitate market access for natural farming products.

Natural Farming

• Natural farming is an approach to agriculture that emphasizes working with nature’s processes to grow crops in a sustainable and holistic way.
• It follows local agro-ecological principles rooted in indigenous knowledge, location-specific technologies, and adaptations to local agro-ecology.
• One of the central ideas of natural farming is to minimize reliance on external inputs and create a system that can sustain itself over the long term.
• Key practices of natural farming include:
  • Minimal Soil Disturbance;
  • Use of Organic Inputs;
  • Biodiversity and Polyculture;
  • Water Conservation;
  • Natural methods to manage pests;
  • Synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides are avoided.

Natural Vs. Organic Farming

• Natural farming emphasizes minimal intervention with nature, avoiding tilling, fertilizers, and even weeding.
• It focuses on creating self-sustaining ecosystems with little to no external inputs, trusting nature to maintain soil health and manage pests.
• Organic farming follows specific certification standards that prohibit synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
• It allows the use of organic fertilizers, pesticides, and tilling.
• It tends to be more structured and regulated than natural farming.

Benefits of Natural Farming

• Environmental Sustainability: It helps protect soil health, reduces pollution, and supports biodiversity.
• Resilience to Climate Change: Natural farming promotes agricultural practices that can adapt to changing climates, such as drought-tolerant crops and sustainable water use.
• Healthier Food: Food produced without chemical fertilizers and pesticides is considered safer and more nutritious.
• Economic Benefits: Over time, natural farming can reduce costs related to chemical inputs and increase the resilience of farms, potentially leading to higher yields.

Challenges

• Learning Local Ecosystem: It requires a deep understanding of local ecosystems, which can take time to learn and apply effectively.
• Labor-Intensive: In the transition period, natural farming is more labor-intensive and initially produces lower yields compared to conventional farming.
• Market Demand: Although organic products are gaining popularity, natural farming does not always meet mainstream market expectations or certification standards.

Government Initiatives

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): The promotion of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems under this program can be adapted to natural farming practices.
• Soil Health Card Scheme: Launched in 2015, this initiative provides farmers with soil health cards that offer detailed information about the nutrient content and pH levels of their soil.
• National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Launched in 2014, encourages the adoption of sustainable farming techniques, including natural farming, to improve soil health, conserve water, and enhance productivity.
• National Organic Farming Research Institute (NOFRI): It focuses on improving soil health, developing organic farming technologies, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
• States Practicing: There are several states practicing Natural Farming.
• Prominent among them are Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Way Ahead

• The Government is increasingly recognizing the importance of natural farming in addressing environmental challenges, improving farmer incomes, and ensuring food security.
• These efforts, when combined with local farmer participation and state-level innovation, hold great promise for the future of sustainable agriculture in India.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: The Supreme Court in an order, upheld the inclusion of ‘socialist and secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution.

Background

• The order was based on a batch of petitions filed in 2020 challenging the validity of the inclusion of ‘socialist’ and ‘secular’ in the Preamble through the 42nd Constitution Amendment in 1976.
  • The petition argued that the insertions were made with retrospective effect.

Supreme Court ruling

• The court interpreted that the word ‘secular’ denotes a Republic that upholds equal respect for all religions.
• ‘Socialist’ represents a Republic dedicated to eliminating all forms of exploitation, whether social, political, or economic.
• The Supreme Court reaffirmed that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
• Also the Constitution is a “living document” and can evolve according to the needs of society.

Secular Ethos in India

• Secularism is enshrined not just in the Preamble but in various constitutional provisions that guarantee equal treatment of all religions (Articles 15, 16, 25).
• The principle of secularism ensures that the Indian State remains impartial, protecting the rights of citizens regardless of their religious affiliations.

Socialism in India

• Socialism in India finds its origins in the freedom movement, where leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose championed a state-driven economy for equitable growth.
• Development in India;
  • Nehruvian Model: Adoption of state-led industrialization and planned economic development, exemplified by the establishment of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).
  • Land Reforms: Redistribution of land to address feudal inequalities.
  • Social Justice Movements: Enactment of affirmative action policies like reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.

Concluding remarks

• The Supreme Court’s ruling affirms the constitutionality of the 42nd Amendment and reinforces the vision of a secular and socialist India, reflecting the nation’s commitment to equality, justice, and social welfare.
• This decision reiterates the dynamic nature of the Constitution, which can evolve to reflect the changing needs of society while preserving its core principles.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: As the number of satellites goes up, there is an increased concern about the Space Junk.

About

• More than 10,000 active satellites are in orbit around the planet. This number is estimated to shoot up to more than 100,000 by the 2030s.
• As the number of satellites goes up, so will the space junk pollution.

Space Debris

• Junk from space objects falling to the earth involve relatively small fragments from rockets that survive the friction of the atmosphere.
• Space junk can vary in size, from tiny bits like paint chips, to larger pieces like old satellites or rocket stages.
• In recent times, a large chunk of a 25-tonne Chinese rocket fell into the Indian Ocean in 2021.

Space junk is caused by the following factors:

• Defunct Satellites: Satellites that no longer function are left in orbit, contributing to debris.
• Rocket Stages: Spent rocket stages and other launch vehicle parts that are abandoned after use remain in orbit.
• Collisions: Objects in orbit often collide at high speeds, creating smaller debris fragments that increase the overall junk in space.
• Spacecraft and Mission Debris: Parts of spacecraft or equipment released during missions (e.g., screws, paint flecks) contribute to the debris field.

Concerns

• Collision Risks: High-speed debris collisions can create more fragments, leading to a self-perpetuating cycle that threatens satellites, spacecraft, and the space environment.
• Threats to Operational Satellites: Debris can damage or destroy active satellites, increasing the risk to communication, weather, and navigation systems.
• Atmospheric Pollution: Larger debris re-entering Earth’s atmosphere can burn up or fall into oceans, potentially releasing toxic materials.
• Space Accessibility: The growing debris field limits the safe use of Earth’s orbital space, making future missions more difficult and costly.
• Long-term Sustainability: The accumulation of debris could hinder space exploration for future generations, making space less accessible.

Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects

• This convention is one of the several international agreements that complement the Outer Space Treaty, the overarching framework guiding the behaviour of countries in space.
• The Liability Convention came into force in 1972 and deals mainly with damage caused by space objects to other space assets, but it also applies to damage caused by falling objects on earth.
• The Convention makes the launching country “absolutely liable” to pay compensation for any damage caused by its space object on the earth or to a flight in air.
• The country where the junk falls can stake a claim for compensation if it has been damaged by the falling object.
• The amount of compensation is to be decided “in accordance with international law and the principles of justice and equity”.
• This provision of the Convention has resulted in compensation payment only once so far — when Canada sought damages from the then Soviet Union, for a satellite with radioactive substance that fell into an uninhabited region in its northern territory in 1978.

Suggestions

• Active Debris Removal (ADR): Develop and deploy robotic systems or spacecraft designed to capture and remove large debris from orbit, such as the ClearSpace-1 mission by the European Space Agency.
• Improved Satellite Design: Use lightweight materials and create satellites that minimize debris generation during collisions or failures.
• Increased Tracking and Monitoring: Enhance space situational awareness with better tracking systems to monitor debris and avoid collisions.
• Collision Avoidance: Implement collision-avoidance maneuvers for operational satellites and space stations to prevent debris generation from accidental impacts.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: More than 170 countries will converge in the Republic of Korea, to negotiate a new legally binding global treaty to end plastic pollution, including marine pollution.

About

• Background: In 2022, the UN Environmental Assembly convened in Nairobi, to debate the global plastic crisis.
• 175 nations voted to adopt a global treaty for plastic pollution—agreeing on an accelerated timeline so that the treaty could be implemented as soon as 2025.
• The negotiations are whether to agree to binding limits on certain classes of chemicals and on plastic production, or to settle on a package of funding aimed at improving trash collection and recycling.
• Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Kuwait, Malaysia, and India have expressed resistance to stricter mandates and have instead proposed measures such as innovative waste management and sustainable plastic use.
• On the other hand, Rwanda, Peru and the European Union have proposed ambitious targets for curbing plastic pollution.

Need for the Treaty

• Plastic production has skyrocketed across the world in recent decades.
• The annual global production of plastic doubled from 234 million tonnes (mt) in 2000 to 460 mt in 2019.
• Nearly half of this was produced in Asia, followed by North America (19%) and Europe (15%).
• Plastic production is expected to touch 700 mt by 2040, as per the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
• Slow Decomposition: Plastic takes anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose, and less than 10% has been recycled till now, according to a 2023 study by The Lancet.
• Environmental Impact: Much of the plastic waste leaks into the environment, especially into rivers and oceans, where it breaks down into smaller particles (microplastic or nanoplastic).
• This has severely impacted the environment and health of living beings.
• Impact on Humans: Exposure to chemicals in plastic can cause endocrine disruption and a range of human diseases including cancer, diabetes, reproductive disorders, and neurodevelopmental impairment.
• Climate Impact: In 2020, it generated 3.6% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with 90% of those quantifiable emissions coming from plastic production, which uses fossil fuels as raw material.

India’s Position

• India does not support any restrictions on the production of polymers.
• Any restrictions are beyond the mandate of the UNEA’s resolution adopted at Nairobi in 2022.
• The resolution also includes a principle of national circumstances and capability to allow developing countries to follow their development trajectories.
• India has also sought the inclusion of financial and technical assistance, and technology transfer in the substantive provisions of any final treaty.
• On the exclusion of harmful chemicals used for plastic production, India has said that any decision should be based on scientific studies, and the regulation of such chemicals should be regulated domestically.
• There must also be an assessment of the financial resources needed for waste management as well as the availability of adequate, timely, and predictable financial resources.

Plastic Waste by India

• India is presently the biggest contributor to plastic pollution in the world, and releases 9.3 million tonnes of plastic waste every year which is almost 20 per cent of the global generation of plastic waste.

India’s Efforts In Tackling Plastic Waste

• Ban on single-use plastics: India has banned the production, use, and sale of single-use plastics such as bags, cups, plates, cutlery, and straws in many states.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The Indian government has implemented EPR, making plastic manufacturers responsible for managing and disposing of the waste generated by their products.
• Plastic Waste Management Rules: India introduced the Plastic Waste Management Rules in 2016, which provide a framework for managing plastic waste through various measures, including recycling and waste-to-energy initiatives.
• Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022: The guidelines on EPR(Extended Producer Responsibility) coupled with the prohibition of identified single-use plastic items.
• It banned the manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastic less than seventy-five micrometers.
• India’s Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2024: It defines biodegradable plastics as not only capable of degradation by biological processes in specific environments but also as materials that do not leave any microplastics.
• Rules specify that the makers of disposable plastic ware can label them as biodegradable only when they do not leave any microplastics behind.
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The Indian government launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a national cleanliness campaign, which includes the collection and disposal of plastic waste.
• Plastic Parks: The government has set up Plastic Parks, which are specialized industrial zones for recycling and processing plastic waste.
• Beach clean-up drives: The Indian government and various non-governmental organizations have organized beach clean-up drives to collect and dispose of plastic waste from beaches.
• India is a signatory to MARPOL (International Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution).
• The “India Plastic Challenge – Hackathon 2021
• It is a unique competition calling upon start-ups /entrepreneurs and students of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to develop innovative solutions to mitigate plastic pollution and develop alternatives to single-use plastics.

General Studies Paper-1

Context: Recently, National Press Day was observed with the theme ‘Changing Nature of the Press’, reflecting the evolving dynamics of the media landscape, and marking the day the Press Council of India (PCI) began its operations in 1966.

About

• The media, often referred to as the fourth pillar of democracy, plays a crucial role in nation building. Its influence spans across political, economic, and social spheres, making it an indispensable part of a functioning democracy.
• The press played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence, acting as a powerful tool for dissemination of information; raising awareness and consciousness; shaping public opinion; uniting diverse communities; criticising colonial policies; mobilising protests and movements; providing a platform for leaders; fostering nationalism; promoting non-violent resistance.

Evolution of Press in the India

• Bengal Gazette (1780), founded by James Augustus Hickey, was the first printed newspaper in India. Known as the ‘Calcutta General Advertiser’, it often criticised the British Raj, setting a precedent for future publications.
• The British introduced several regulations to control the press during the colonial period.
• The Censorship of Press Act of 1799 aimed at preventing the French from spreading anti-British propaganda, and was followed by the Licensing Regulations, 1823, which required newspapers to obtain a licence from the government.
• The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 targeted the Indian-language newspapers that allowed the Britishers to confiscate the printing presses and property of newspapers that published ‘seditious’ material.

Key Publications During India’s Struggle for Independence and Their Impact

• Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868): Initially a Bengali weekly, it became a prominent English-language newspaper. It was known for its fierce criticism of British policies and played a significant role in mobilising public opinion.
• Kesari and Mahratta (1881): Founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, these newspapers were instrumental in promoting the cause of Swaraj (self-rule). Tilak used Kesari to inspire and mobilise the masses, famously declaring, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it”.
• The Hindu (1878): Established by G. Subramania Iyer, it became a leading voice against British rule. The Hindu was known for its balanced reporting and played a crucial role in shaping public opinion.
• Young India and Harijan: Published by Mahatma Gandhi, these periodicals were used to propagate his ideas of non-violence and civil disobedience. They were crucial in spreading the message of the freedom movement to a broader audience.

Post-Independence Era

• The Press (Objectionable Matters) Act of 1951 was enacted to curb the publication of objectionable content, but it was repealed in 1957 due to its misuse.
• Later, the Press Council of India was established in 1966 to maintain the freedom of the press and improve the standards of journalism.

Evolution of the Contemporary Press

• Digital Transformation: The shift from print to digital has revolutionised how news is produced, distributed, and consumed. Online platforms, social media, and mobile applications have made news more accessible and immediate.
• Media Convergence: The blending of traditional journalism with digital technologies has led to media convergence, where various forms of media (text, audio, video) are integrated into a single platform. This has enhanced the storytelling capabilities of news organisations.
• Citizen Journalism: The rise of social media has empowered ordinary citizens to report news, often in real-time. This has democratised information dissemination but also raised concerns about the accuracy and reliability of such reports.

Role of Media in Nation Building

Political Sphere:

• Promoting Democracy and Good Governance: The media acts as a watchdog, holding those in power accountable. By exposing corruption, maladministration, and human rights abuses, it ensures transparency and fosters good governance.
• Shaping Public Opinion: Through news reports, editorials, and debates, the media shapes public opinion on various issues. It helps in creating an informed citizenry that can participate meaningfully in democratic processes.
• Facilitating Political Participation: Media platforms provide a space for political discourse, enabling citizens to engage with political processes. It includes coverage of elections, political campaigns, and policy discussions.

Economic Sphere:

• Economic Development: The media plays a role in economic development by disseminating information about government policies, economic reforms, and market trends. It helps businesses and individuals make informed decisions.
• Promoting Entrepreneurship: By highlighting success stories and providing information on business opportunities, the media encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.
• Consumer Awareness: Media campaigns educate consumers about their rights and responsibilities, promoting fair trade practices and protecting consumer interests.

Social Sphere:

• Social Awareness and Education: The media raises awareness about social issues such as health, education, and environmental conservation. It plays a key role in educating the public and promoting social change.
• Cultural Integration: By showcasing diverse cultures and traditions, the media fosters national unity and cultural integration. It helps in building a sense of national identity and pride.
• Disaster Management: During natural disasters and emergencies, the media provides critical information and updates, aiding in disaster management and relief efforts.

Challenges and Responsibilities

• Misinformation and Fake News: The rapid spread of misinformation can undermine public trust and disrupt social harmony. Media organisations must invest in fact-checking and verification processes to combat this issue.
• Economic Pressures: The shift to digital media has disrupted traditional revenue models, leading to financial challenges for many news organisations. This can sometimes result in compromised journalistic standards.
• Censorship and Press Freedom: Ensuring press freedom while balancing national security and public order remains a critical challenge.
• Media organisations must navigate these issues carefully to maintain their role as the watchdog of democracy.

Way Forward: Responsibilities in the Modern Digital Age

• Upholding Ethical Standards: Journalists and news organisations must adhere to ethical standards, ensuring accuracy, fairness, and impartiality in their reporting. This is crucial for maintaining public trust and credibility.
• Fact-Checking and Verification: With the proliferation of information, rigorous fact-checking and verification processes are essential to combat misinformation. News organisations must invest in tools and training to ensure the reliability of their content.
• Engaging with the Audience: The digital age offers opportunities for greater interaction with the audience. News organisations can use social media and other digital tools to engage with readers, gather feedback, and foster a more informed and participatory public.
• Promoting Media Literacy: Educating the public about media literacy is vital. This includes teaching people how to critically evaluate news sources, recognize bias, and differentiate between credible information and misinformation.

Conclusion

• The media’s role in nation building is multifaceted and indispensable. By promoting transparency, fostering economic development, and raising social awareness, the media contributes significantly to the progress and stability of a nation.
• As it adapts to the digital age, the media must continue to uphold its responsibilities and navigate challenges to remain a pillar of democracy.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has underscored the centrality of climate finance in achieving global climate goals.

• The ‘Raising Ambition and Accelerating Delivery of Climate Finance’ report presented at COP29 outlines the significant financial investments required globally, particularly for emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs).

Highlights of the Report

• Massive Investment Required: The report underscores the urgent need for a significant global investment of $6.3-6.7 trillion per year by 2030 to effectively combat climate change.
• EMDCs’ Significant Burden: Emerging market and developing countries (EMDCs), excluding China, face a substantial financial burden, requiring $2.3-2.5 trillion annually.
• Uneven Distribution: Currently, climate investments are concentrated in specific economies like India and Brazil.
• Non-Traditional Sources: The report highlights the crucial role of non-traditional financing sources, such as voluntary carbon markets, South-South cooperation, and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), in bridging the financing gap.
• Declining Technology Costs: The decreasing costs of solar power present a significant opportunity for developing countries to transition to clean energy.
• Increased Supply from China: China’s growing capacity to produce renewable energy technologies can further accelerate the clean energy transition in developing countries.

Key Issues in the Global Carbon Credit Debate

• Equity and Fairness: Developing countries argue that they have historically emitted less greenhouse gases and should not bear the same burden as developed nations.
• Access to Finance: Developing countries require financial support to adapt to climate change and transition to low-carbon economies. Carbon credit markets can provide a source of funding, but equitable access and fair distribution are crucial.
• Avoiding Greenwashing: Ensuring that carbon credits represent real and additional emissions reductions is essential to prevent “greenwashing,” where projects claim emissions reductions that would have occurred anyway.
• Greenwashing: Low-quality carbon credits could lead to overstated emissions reductions.
• Rigorous Standards: Strict standards and verification processes are necessary to maintain the integrity of carbon credits and avoid double-counting.

India’s Stance at COP29

• Financial Commitment: India is advocating for a significant increase in climate finance from developed countries, specifically demanding $1.3 trillion per year by 2030.
• No Strings Attached: India emphasizes that this financial support should be provided without imposing conditions that could hinder the economic growth of developing nations.
• Challenging the Status Quo: India is pushing for a clear definition of climate finance and resisting attempts to expand the donor base beyond developed countries.
• Accountability for Past Commitments: India is reminding developed countries of their past commitments, particularly the $100 billion annual climate finance goal, and highlighting the shortfall.

India’s Carbon Credit Framework

• Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2022: India’s legislative framework for its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) was formalized through this amendment:
  • Aligns with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
  • Establishes a structured carbon market with regulatory oversight to ensure transparency.
• India’s carbon market aspires to:
  • Drive sustainable development: By internalizing carbon costs, businesses are incentivized to adopt green practices.
  • Attract investments: Both domestic and international, for renewable energy and low-carbon technologies.
  • Support rural and agroforestry sectors: Carbon credits generated through these initiatives can directly benefit local communities while enhancing carbon sequestration.
• India’s Green Credit Programme (GCP) has faced criticism for:
  • Non-scientific approaches, such as plantation initiatives with limited ecological benefits.
  • Challenges in ensuring additionality—whether projects genuinely result in emissions reductions beyond business-as-usual scenarios.
• Alignment with International Standards: India’s carbon market must align with global frameworks to attract international investments and maintain credibility:
  • Harmonizing with Article 6
  • Participation in ITMOs can enhance India’s role in the global carbon market.
  • Adhering to Article 6.2’s requirements ensures recognition of India’s credits internationally.
  • Environmental Integrity
  • COP26’s Article 6 rulebook emphasizes environmental integrity, preventing low-quality credits from undermining global climate goals.
  • India’s proactive adherence to these guidelines strengthens its market’s credibility.

Implications for Global Climate Action

• Fairness and Equity: India’s stance underscores the principle of equity and fairness in climate action. Developing countries should not be burdened with the costs of climate change caused by historical emissions from developed nations.
• Accelerated Climate Action: Adequate climate finance is essential for developing countries to implement ambitious climate action plans and transition to low-carbon economies.
• Geopolitical Significance: India’s position strengthens its role as a global leader in climate diplomacy and reinforces its commitment to multilateralism.
• Global Cooperation: The success of COP29 and future climate negotiations depends on the willingness of developed countries to meet their financial commitments and support the climate aspirations of developing nations.

Potential Challenges and Opportunities

• Negotiation Dynamics: The negotiations are complex, with diverse interests and competing priorities. India will need to build strong coalitions with other developing countries to advance its position.
• Domestic Priorities: Balancing climate action with domestic development priorities will be a significant challenge for India.
• Leveraging Carbon Markets: India can leverage its carbon market to attract climate finance and promote sustainable development.
• Technological Innovation: Investing in clean technologies and energy efficiency can help India reduce its carbon footprint and create new economic opportunities.

Way Forward for India in Climate Finance

• Strengthening the Carbon Market: India should continue to refine its carbon market, ensuring robust regulations, transparency, and international alignment.
• Promoting Green Finance: Develop a comprehensive framework to promote green finance, including tax incentives, subsidies, and green bonds.
• Strengthening Multilateral Institutions: Support the reform and strengthening of multilateral development banks to increase their capacity to mobilize climate finance.
• South-South Cooperation: Collaborate with other developing countries to share experiences, technologies, and best practices.
• International Technology Transfer: Facilitate the transfer of clean technologies from developed to developing countries.
• Capacity Building for Institutions: Strengthen the capacity of government institutions to design and implement climate policies and projects.
• Mitigating Risks: Establish a national registry for tracking carbon credit issuance and transactions.
• Align with global standards like the Gold Standard and International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) for robust verification protocols.
• Regular Audits: Independent audits by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)-approved auditors can validate projects, ensuring the credibility of emissions reductions.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: The White House recently reaffirmed the strong foundation of India-U.S. bilateral relations amidst the controversy of bribery allegations against Indian businessman Gautam Adani.

Overview of India and US Bilateral Relations

• Since India’s independence, ties with the United States have weathered the Cold War era distrust and estrangement over India’s nuclear program.
  • Relations have warmed in recent years and cooperation has strengthened across a range of economic and political areas.
• Bilateral Trade: The bilateral trade between the two countries has risen by 72 percent between 2017-18 and 2022-23.
  • The US accounted for 18 percent of the gross FDI inflows into India during 2021-22, ranking second behind Singapore.
  • US is the largest trading partner of India with overall bilateral trade in goodsandservices of $190.1 billion for calendar year 2023
• Defense and Security: India and the US have signed a troika of “foundational pacts” for deep military cooperation, beginning with the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016, followed by the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) after the first 2+2 dialogue in 2018, and then the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) in 2020.
  • In 2016, the United States elevated India to a major defense partner.
• Space: Artemis Accords signed by India established a common vision for the future of space exploration for the benefit of all humankind.
• Multilateral Cooperation: India and the United States cooperate closely in multilateral organizations and forums, including the United Nations, G20,, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization.
• Together with Australia and Japan, the United States and India convene as the Quad, a diplomatic network, to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific.
• Nuclear Cooperation: Civil Nuclear Deal was signed in 2005, under the agreement, India agreed to separate its civil and military nuclear facilities and place all its civil resources under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards.
  • In exchange, the United States agrees to work toward full civil nuclear cooperation with India.
• New initiatives: Several new initiatives have been announced like GE-HAL deal to manufacture jet engines in India and the initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET), to bring revolution between the relations of the two nations.

Divergence in relations

• Limited Utility: India’s utility to the US in an Indo-Pacific conflict, such as a Chinese invasion or naval blockade of Taiwan, is likely limited.
  • In the event of US military involvement in Taiwan’s defense, India would likely avoid entanglement in such a US-China conflict.
  • The US seeks greater alignment from its allies against Russia: India is viewed by the US and the West as opportunistically buying more oil from Russia amid the war.
• Defence Relations with Russia: The US is concerned about India’s acquisition of arms like the S-400 air defense system, as it strengthens Russian power.
• Trade Protectionism: India’s high tariffs and the U.S.’s emphasis on intellectual property rights strains the trade relations.
• Human Rights and Democratic Norms: The U.S. has raised concerns over India’s press freedom and religious tolerance, which is viewed as interference in internal matters of India.

Concerns for India

• Economic Stability: Issues like the Adani controversy highlight vulnerabilities in India’s corporate governance that have the possibility to deter U.S. investors.
  • The Russia-Ukraine conflict has shifted the focus of the US away from China, and has, therefore, contributed to considerably eroding the strategic convergence between India and the US.
  • Further, the war in the Middle East has diverted US attention away and Indo-Pacific in general and India, in particular, have suffered neglect.

Concluding remark

• India-U.S. relations are multifaceted, marked by both cooperation and divergence.

However, the strategic convergence in addressing global challenges underscores the resilience of this partnership.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has notified the Telecommunications (Telecom Cyber Security) Rules, 2024.

This is the first set of rules to be issued under the newly issued Telecommunications Act, 2023.

Key Provisions

• Aim: To safeguard India’s communication networks and services, through measures including specified timelines for telcos to report security incidents and make disclosures.
• A telecommunication entity will include any person providing telecom services, or establishing, operating, maintaining, or expanding telecom network, including an authorised entity holding an authorisation.
• Access of Data to Union Government: The rules also empower the central government/ its authorised agency to seek traffic data and any other data (other than the content of messages) from a telecom entity for the purpose of ensuring cyber security.
• Reporting of the Cybersecurity Incidents: It has mandated telecom companies to report cybersecurity incidents to the government within six hours of becoming aware and additional details within 24 hours.
• Chief Telecommunications Security Officer: Telecom companies have been asked to appoint a chief telecommunications security officer, who is a citizen and resident of India.
• The officer will be responsible for coordinating with the Central government on behalf of the telecommunication entity for the implementation of the rules.
• Cybersecurity Policy: The telecom operators are also required to adopt a telecom cybersecurity policy, which includes security safeguards, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices and technologies.
• Prior Registration for International Equipment: A manufacturer of equipment that has an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number is required to register the number of such equipment manufactured in India with the government before the sale of first such equipment.

Telecommunication Sector in India

• India is the world’s second-largest telecommunications market with a total telephone subscriber base of 1.20 billion.
• India ranks as the world’s second-largest market in terms of total internet users.
• The Telecom sector is the 4th largest sector in terms of FDI inflows, contributing 6% of total FDI inflow.
• Reasons for the Growth of Industry: Key drivers pulling growth in the Indian telecom sector include demand for 5G network, government policies and new regulation besides relative affordability of services.

Challenges Faced by the Sector

• Regulatory Framework: Changes in regulations, spectrum pricing, licensing requirements, and government policies impact the operations and investments of telecom companies.
• Infrastructure Development: Despite significant progress in recent years, there are still gaps in telecommunications infrastructure, particularly in rural and remote areas.
• Extending network coverage to these areas remains a challenge due to factors like difficult terrain, lack of electricity, and insufficient infrastructure.
• Competition and Pricing: Intense competition among telecom operators has led to price wars and margin pressures.
• While this benefits consumers with lower tariffs, it puts strain on the financial health of telecom companies.
• Quality of Service: Maintaining consistent quality of service, especially in densely populated urban areas, is a challenge for telecom operators.
• Issues such as call drops, network congestion, and slow internet speeds lead to customer dissatisfaction.
• Cybersecurity: With the increasing digitization of services, cybersecurity has become a critical concern for telecom companies.
• They must protect their networks, customer data, and infrastructure from cyber threats and attacks.
• Technological Advancements: Keeping pace with rapid technological advancements, such as 5G deployment, requires substantial investments in infrastructure and upgrades.

Government of India’s Initiatives to promote Telecommunication Sector:

• Digital India Programme: Launched in 2015, Digital India aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
• It includes initiatives to provide broadband connectivity to all villages, promote e-governance, and improve digital literacy.
• BharatNet: It is the world’s largest rural broadband connectivity program and plays a crucial role in bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas.
• Infrastructure Development: The government is investing in the development of telecom infrastructure, including optical fiber networks, mobile towers, and rural broadband connectivity, to support the growth of the sector and improve service quality.
• Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India) Initiative: The government has emphasized promoting domestic manufacturing of telecom equipment and components to reduce dependence on imports and boost the growth of the domestic telecom industry.
• Ease of Doing Business Reforms: The government has implemented several reforms to improve the ease of doing business in India, including streamlining regulatory processes, reducing paperwork, and digitizing services, to attract investment and foster growth in the telecom sector.

Way Ahead

• Operators are expected to expand 5G coverage and invest in infrastructure, which will drive demand for new devices and services.
• Increased smartphone penetration and data consumption are boosting demand for digital platforms and services.
• The telecom sector is crucial for the digital economy, and as its services expand, cybersecurity becomes even more critical.
• Addressing evolving threats, securing new technologies, and meeting regulatory requirements are critical for the growth of the sector.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd (SECI), under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, signed a MoU with H2Global Stiftung to establish a collaborative framework to promote Green Hydrogen initiatives.

About MoU: Key Points

• Aim:
• To enhance knowledge exchange on market-based mechanisms,
• Foster cooperation between india and importing countries,
• Eventually contributing to the global advancement of the green hydrogen economy.
• This collaboration offers India the opportunity to structure joint tenders that aligns with India’s ambition to become export hub of Green Hydrogen and its derivatives.
• India has announced a target of energy independence by 2047 and a net-zero by 2070.
• Green Hydrogen is expected to play a substantial role towards achieving these goals.

Hydrogen Element

• Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.
• Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter.
• It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible gas.

Extraction of Hydrogen

• Hydrogen exists in combination with other elements.
• Hence, for using it as a source of energy, it has to be extracted from naturally occurring compounds like water (which is a combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom).
• Green hydrogen refers to hydrogen that is produced using renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, or hydropower, through a process called electrolysis.
• Electrolysis involves splitting water (H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using an electric current.
• When this electricity comes from renewable sources, the hydrogen produced is considered “green” because the overall process has a minimal environmental impact.
• Grey Hydrogen: It involves extracting hydrogen from natural gas through a process called steam methane reforming (SMR).
• This process releases carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
• Blue Hydrogen: It involves capturing and storing the CO2 emissions generated during the production of hydrogen from natural gas.

Significance of Green Hydrogen

• Zero Emissions: The production emits no greenhouse gases or pollutants, making it a zero-emission energy carrier.
• Energy Storage: Green hydrogen can serve as a means of storing excess renewable energy generated during periods of low demand for later use, helping to balance the grid and enhance energy security.
• Versatile Applications: Hydrogen can be used as a fuel in various sectors including transportation, industry, and heating.
• Economic Opportunities: The transition to green hydrogen presents significant economic opportunities, including job creation, investment in new infrastructure, and the growth of related industries such as electrolyzer manufacturing and hydrogen fuel cell technology.
• Climate Mitigation: Replacing fossil fuels with green hydrogen can reduce carbon emissions and contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change.

India’s Progress and Goals Towards Green hydrogen

• India’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 includes a strong focus on green hydrogen.
• The country aims to produce 5 million metric tons of green hydrogen by 2030, requiring a $100 billion investment and 125 gigawatts of new renewable energy capacity. This aligns with the Prime Minister’s Panchamrit plan, which also targets 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030.
• Hydrogen demand in India is expected to grow to 29 million metric tons per year by 2050.
• Demand: Green hydrogen demand in India is projected to exceed 27.2 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) by 2050, primarily led by industries such as steel, fertilisers, refineries and road transportation applications.
• Employment Generation: According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the green sector employed 11 million people in 2018, with projections of over 42 million jobs by 2050, highlighting its potential to create new industries and jobs.

Factors Contributing to India’s Vision of to be a Export Hub

• Easy to Transport: Green hydrogen is easier to transport than gaseous hydrogen, and offers a practical solution for longdistance energy trade.
• Ports: The strategic location of hydrogen production facilities along India’s coastline — in states like Odisha, Maharashtra, and Gujarat — facilitates this export-oriented approach.
• These facilities are advantageously near port infrastructure, simplifying the logistics of international trade while serving sizable domestic markets within the same geographic regions.
• This dual focus supports India’s broader energy independence goals and integrates with global hydrogen supply chains.

 Challenges

• Risks associated with the transportation: Hydrogen in gaseous form is highly inflammable and difficult to transport, thereby making safety a primary concern.
• Higher Cost: Green hydrogen production is currently more expensive than conventional methods, primarily due to the high cost of renewable energy sources and electrolysis technology.
• Lack of fuel station infrastructure: India will need to compete with around 500 operational hydrogen stations in the world today which are mostly in Europe, followed by Japan and South Korea.

Green Hydrogen Initiatives

• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), under the Union Ministry of Power, has been appointed as the nodal authority for accrediting blending operations.
• The Global Biofuel Alliance seeks to establish global standards for hydrogen from biomass.
• It is an initiative by India as the G20 Chair, bringing together the biggest consumers and producers of biofuels to drive development and deployment of biofuels.
• National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM): It was launched in 2023, it aims to increase production of green hydrogen to 5 million metric tonnes by 2030, meeting 40% of domestic demand.
• National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHEM): NGHM is a part of National Hydrogen Mission (NHM).
• Objective: To make India a global hub for the production and export of green hydrogen.
• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Green Hydrogen: It aims to boost the production of green hydrogen in India and attract investments in the sector.
• Green Hydrogen Policy: Several states in India have been working on formulating green hydrogen policies to attract investments and promote the development of green hydrogen projects.
• Hydrogen Energy Roadmap: India’s Hydrogen Energy Roadmap was developed by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) and approved in 2021.
• Objective: The roadmap aims to accelerate hydrogen production from renewable sources and make India a key player in the global hydrogen market.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Several PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings) like NTPC, Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL), and Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) have been tasked with leading green hydrogen pilot projects and scaling up production.
• International Collaboration: Collaborations with countries and organizations that have advanced in hydrogen technologies aim to facilitate knowledge transfer and technology adoption.

Future Prospects

• Looking forward, India’s approach to integrating green hydrogen into its energy system is multi-faceted.
• It involves enhancing production capabilities, building out infrastructure, establishing robust regulatory frameworks and market incentives to encourage adoption.
• By aligning these elements, India can effectively transition to a low-carbon economy, reducing its dependence on fossil fuels and positioning itself as a leader in the emerging global hydrogen economy.
• India’s green hydrogen venture holds promising potential for energy transformation, both domestically and globally

General Studies Paper-2

Context: Urbanization presents opportunities for skill development and employment creation, particularly in a rapidly urbanizing country like India.

Status of Urbanisation in India

• India is witnessing rapid urbanization. Every minute, 30 people migrate from rural to urban India
• According to the 2011 Census, India’s urban population increased from 27.7% in 2001 to 31.1% in 2011, at a rate of 2.76% per year.
• India is rapidly urbanizing and is estimated to host 50 percent of its population in cities by 2050.
• India has 6 mega cities (population over 10 million) as per the 2011 Census: Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad.

Opportunities of Urbanisation

• Diverse Employment Options: Urban areas host various industries, including manufacturing, IT, retail, and services, creating jobs across skill levels.
• Skill Enhancement Ecosystem: Urban centers serve as hubs for education and training institutes, fostering access to skill development programs.
• Support for Entrepreneurship: Cities offer infrastructure, financial services, and market access that nurture entrepreneurial ventures.
• Technology-driven Growth: With rapid technological advancements, urban centers are pivotal for digital skilling, fostering job creation in IT, AI, and e-commerce sectors.

What are the Challenges?

• Unplanned Urbanization: The lack of adequate planning results in inadequate infrastructure and slum proliferation.
• According to Census 2011, approximately 24% of urban households live in slums, reflecting challenges in housing and urban infrastructure.
• Mismatch of Skills: Many workers migrating to cities lack the technical or soft skills required for urban jobs, resulting in underemployment.
• Pressure on Resources: Overcrowding in cities strains housing, healthcare, and public utilities, impacting the quality of life and worker productivity.
• According to NFHS-5, 2019-21, over 40% of the urban population lacks access to adequate sanitation facilities.
• Vulnerability in Informal Jobs: Workers in informal sectors face low wages, job insecurity, and lack of social security benefits.
• Gender Disparities: Women face barriers to skill development and employment due to safety concerns, limited mobility, and societal norms.
• Environmental Stress: According to a report by TERI, Urban centers contribute nearly 75% of India’s total greenhouse gas emissions.

Government initiatives

• Skill India Mission: Focused on creating a skilled workforce through programs like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
• Smart Cities Mission: Aims to develop 100 smart cities with efficient infrastructure and governance.
• AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation): Improving urban infrastructure to support economic activities and better living standards.
• Startup India Initiative: Fostering innovation and entrepreneurship by providing financial and regulatory support.
• DAY-NULM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission): Enhancing the employment and skill levels of the urban poor.
• Digital India Program: Promoting digital literacy and e-governance to support technology-driven employment.

Suggestions

• Integrated Urban Planning: Develop well-planned urban centers with a focus on affordable housing, public transport, and access to training institutes.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Leverage private sector expertise in skill development and employment generation initiatives.
• Future-ready Skills: Emphasize digital, green, and soft skills to align with emerging industries and technologies.
• Support for Informal Sector: Introduce policies to formalize and enhance the working conditions of informal sector employees.
• Empowering Women: Ensure women’s participation in urban job markets through safe and inclusive workspaces and focused training programs.

Concluding remark

• Urbanization, if managed strategically, can serve as a catalyst for enhancing skills and employment opportunities, paving the way for sustained economic growth and inclusive development in India.