General Studies Paper 2

Context: Recently, Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister has attended the 24^th Russia-India Inter-Governmental Commission (IGC) meeting in India.

• Russia has expressed its interest in importing manufacturing equipment, including machinery, from India to replace those of Western origin.

What are the Key Highlights of the Meeting?

• Both countries reviewed the defense cooperation between India and Russia, which has been facing challenges related to deliveries and payments due to the ongoing war in Ukraine.
• The two countries discussed the plans that India has for Russia’s far eastern region, which is an essential part of Russia’s strategy in the Indo-Pacific region.
• They held discussions on bilateral trade efforts and the identification of new industrial points that would provide additional impetus for trade between the two countries.
  • Balance of trade currently tilts in favor of Russia, and hence, the two sides discussed ways to bring more balance in trade relations.
• Both sides also discussed a wide range of issues related to bilateral trade, economic, and humanitarian cooperation.
  • These discussions covered many areas of mutual interest, including those related to technology, energy, healthcare, and education.

What is the Status of India-Russia Trade Ties?

• India’s total bilateral trade with Russia stood at ~USD 13 Billion in 2021-22 and USD 8.14 Billion in 2020-21.
• Russia is India’s seventh biggest trading partner, up from 25^th position in 2021.
  • The US, China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Indonesia were the six countries that recorded higher volumes of trade with India during the first five months of 2022-23.

What are the Concerns Related to Bilateral Trade?

• Trade Imbalance:
  • India’s Imports from Russia accounted for USD 17.23 Billion, while India’s exports to Moscow were only worth USD 992.73 million, resulting in a negative trade balance of USD 16.24 Billion in 2020-21.
  • Russia’s share in India’s total trade has increased to 3.54%, up from 1.27% in 2021-22.
  • While Russia’s share in India’s total trade was 1% in 1997-98, it has hovered below 2% for the last 25 years.
• Factors Causing Trade Imbalance:
  • The sudden jump in imports from Russia, mainly oil and fertilizers, which began to surge earlier in 2022, is the main driver behind this increase in bilateral trade.
    • Petroleum oil and other fuel items accounted for 84% of India’s total imports from Russia, while  Fertilizers were second.
  • Together, fertilizers and fuel accounted for over 91% of the total imports from Russia this year.

How can Trade Imbalance Between Russia and India be Addressed?

• Indian Export to Russia:
  • Both the countries are looking to increase Indian imports, particularly in the machinery sector,where India has advanced production capabilities.
• Rupee-Ruble Mechanism:
  • One of the challenges facing the trade relationship is payments, logistics, and certifications. Both sides are in talks to resort to the Rupee-Ruble mechanism to safeguard bilateral trade from the impact of western sanctions.
• New Industrial Points:
  • Both are looking to identify new industrial points that can give additional impetus for trade, and to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement.

Conclusion

• A multi-pronged approach that focuses on diversification, promotion of exports, negotiation of better trade deals, expansion of economic cooperation, and addressing structural issues can help address the trade imbalance between India and Russia.

General Studies Paper 3

Context: The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972  has completed 51 years since its inception, and over the years, it has been successful in protecting several endangered species. The act has played a critical role in conserving the country’s diverse wildlife.

What is the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972?

• About:
  • The Wild Life (Protection) Act, of 1972provides a legal framework for the protection of various species of wild animals and plants, management of their habitats, regulation, and control of trade in wild animals, plants, and products made from them
  • The act also lists schedules of plants and animals that are afforded varying degrees of protection and monitoring by the government.
  • India’s entry to the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)was made easier by the Wildlife Act.
  • Earlier, Jammu and Kashmir was not covered by the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.The Indian Wildlife Protection Act now applies to J&K as a result of the reorganisation act.
• Constitutional Provisions for the Wildlife Act:
  • The 42ndAmendment Act, 1976, Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds was transferred from State to Concurrent List.
  • Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.
  • Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
• Schedules under the Act:
  • Schedule I:
    • It covers endangered species that need rigorous protection.
    • A person is liable to the harshest penalties for violation of the law under this Schedule.
    • Species under this Schedule are prohibited to be hunted throughout India,except under threat to human life or in case of a disease that is beyond recovery.
    • Some of the animals listed under Schedule I include the Black Buck, Snow Leopard, Himalayan Bear and Asiatic Cheetah.
  • Schedule II:
    • Animals under this list are also accorded high protection with the prohibition on their trade.
    • Some of the animals listed under Schedule II include Assamese Macaque, Himalayan Black Bear and Indian Cobra.
  • Schedule III & IV:
    • Species that are not endangered are included under Schedule III and IV.
    • This includes protected species with hunting prohibited but the penalty for any violation is less compared to the first two schedules.
    • Animals protected under Schedule III include Chital (spotted deer), Bharal (blue sheep), Hyena, and Sambhar (deer).
    • Animals protected under Schedule IV include Flamingo, Hares, Falcons, Kingfishers, Magpie, and Horseshoes Crabs.
  • Schedule V:
    • This schedule contains animals that are considered as vermin  (small wild animals that carry disease and destroy plants and food). These animals can be hunted.
    • It includes only four species of wild animals: Common Crows, Fruit Bats, Rats, and Mice.
  • Schedule VI:
    • It provides for regulation in the cultivation of a specified plant and restricts its possession, sale, and transportation.
    • Both cultivation and trade of specified plants can only be carried out with the prior permission of the competent authority.
    • Plants protected under Schedule VI include Beddomes’ cycad (Native to India), Blue Vanda (Blue Orchid), Red Vanda (Red Orchid), Kuth (Saussurea lappa), Slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum spp.) and Pitcher plant (Nepenthes khasiana).
  • Bodies Constituted under the Act:
    • National Board for Wildlife (NBWL):
      • NBWL serves as an apex body for the review of all wildlife-related matters and for the approval of projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries.
    • State Board for Wildlife (SBWL):
      • The Chief Minister of the state/UT is the chairperson of the board.
    • Central Zoo Authority:
      • consists of a total 10 members including the Chairperson and a Member-Secretary.
      • The authority provides recognition to zoos and is also tasked with regulating the zoos across the country.
      • It lays down guidelines and prescribes rules under which animals may be transferred among zoos nationally and internationally.
    • National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):
      • Following the recommendations of the Tiger Task Force, NTCAwas constituted in 2005 for strengthening tiger conservation.
        • The Union Environment Minister is the Chairperson of NTCA and the State Environment Minister is the Vice-Chairperson.
      • The Central Government on the recommendations of NTCA declares an area as a Tiger Reserve.
    • Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB):
      • The act provided for the constitution of WCCB to combat organized wildlife crime in the country.
    • Protected Areas Under the Act:
      • There are five types of protected areas under the Act which are: Sanctuary, National Parks, Conservation Reserves, Community Reserves and  Tiger Reserves.

• Important Amendments done to the Act:
  • Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 1991:
    • This amendment strengthened the penalties and fines for wildlife-related offences and also introduced provisions for the protection of endangered species.
  • Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002:
    • This amendment introduced the concept of  community reserves and conservation reserves as protected areas.
  • Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2006:
    • This amendment dealt with the issue of human-wildlife conflict and provided for the creation of a National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to manage and protect tiger reserves.
    • It also made provisions for the creation of a Tiger and Other Endangered Species Crime Control Bureau to deal with wildlife-related crimes.
  • Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022:
    • The Act seeks to increase the species protected under the law and implement CITES.
    • The number of schedules has been reduced to four:
      • Schedule I containing animal species enjoying the highest level of protection.
      • Schedule II for animal species subject to a lesser degree of protection.
      • Schedule III for protected plant species,and
      • Schedule IV for scheduled specimens under CITES.
    • The Act permits the use of elephants for ‘religious or any other purposes’.
    • The penalties have also been increased for general and specially protected animals’ violations.

What are the Initiatives of Wildlife Development Under WPA, 1972?

• Project Tiger Conservation:
  • Project Tiger Conservation to conserve the population of tigers. Launched in 1973, the project is still ongoing with the help of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
• Project Elephant:
  • Project Elephant is launched by the central government in 1992 to protect and conserve elephants.
  • A total of 88 corridors were identified under the Act.
• Wildlife Corridors:
  • Wildlife corridors are connected with the protected areas and allow the movement of animals without interfering with human settlements. Recently, India’s first urban wildlife corridor is being planned between New Delhi and Haryana. The corridor is near the Asola Bhatti wildlife sanctuary to provide safe passage to wildlife animals such as leopards and other animals.

What are the Challenges in WPA, 1972?

• Lack of Awareness:
  • Despite being in existence for over 50 years, the Act has not been able to reach the masses effectively.Many people are still unaware of the importance of wildlife conservation and the laws surrounding it.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict:
  • With the increase in human population and the encroachment of wildlife habitats, there has been a rise in human-wildlife conflict. This often leads to the killing of wildlife, which is illegal under the WPA.
• Illegal Wildlife Trade:
  • India has observed a significant increase in illegal wildlife trade, which is a major threat to the country’s wildlife. Despite stringent laws, poaching and illegal trade in wildlife products continue to thrive.
• Lack of Coordination:
  • There is often a lack of coordination between the forest department and other government agencies such as the police, customs, and revenue departments.
    • This makes it difficult to effectively enforce the WPA and curb illegal wildlife trade.
  • Inadequate Penalties:
    • The penalties for wildlife crimes under the WPA are not stringent enough to act as a deterrent. The fines and sentences are often too low to make an impact on the offenders.
  • Lack of community participation:
    • Conservation efforts cannot be successful without the participation of local communities. However, there is often a lack of community participation in wildlife conservation efforts.
  • Climate Change:
    • Climate change is a significant threat to wildlife habitats, and it is likely to create threats to existing wildlife. The WPA needs to take into account the impact of climate change on wildlife and their habitats.

Conclusion

• The WPA 1972 has been in existence for more than 50 years, but it faces several challenges. Addressing these challenges will require a concerted effort from the government, civil society, and the public. Effective enforcement, community participation, and awareness-raising campaigns are some of the steps that can be taken to protect India’s wildlife and their habitats.

General Studies Paper 1

Context: The State of World Population Report, 2023 by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) was recently released.

About the Report

• The State of World Population report is UNFPA’s annual flagship publication.
• It has been published yearly since 1978.
• It shines a light on emerging issues in the field of sexual and reproductive health and rights, bringing them into the mainstream and exploring the challenges and opportunities they present for international development.

Report highlights

• Population data:
  • India Overtaking China:
    • India is set to overtake China to become the world’s most populous country by the middle of 2023, according to data released by the United Nations.
    • India’s population is pegged to reach 86 crore against China’s 142.57 crore.
      • This shows India will have 29 lakh more people than China.

• Globally:

• • The world’s population hit the 800-crore mark in November 2022.
  • Just eight countries will account for half the projected growth in global population by 2050-

• • • The Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania
  • Two-thirds of people now live in a country where lifetime fertility corresponds with zero growth.
  • The United States is a distant third, with an estimated population of 34 crore.

• Slowing of population growth:
  • The report says that contrary to the alarm bells about exploding numbers, population trends everywhere point to slower growth and ageing societies.

Addressing changing demographies

• Caution against family planning:
  • The report called for a radical rethink on how countries address changing demographics and cautioned against use of family planning as a tool for achieving fertility targets.
  • It warned that global experience showed that family planning targets can lead to gender-based discrimination and harmful practices such as prenatal sex determination leading to sex-selective abortion.
• Policy framing:
  • The report strongly recommended that governments introduce policies with gender equality and rights at their heart, such as
    • Parental leave programmes,
    • Child tax credits,
    • Policies that promote gender equality in the workplace, and
    • Universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights.
  • For India:
    • Opportunity:
      • With close to 50% of its population below the age of 25, India has a time-bound opportunity to benefit from the demographic dividend, and that it must convert this into “economic benefits through additional investments in health, education, and quality jobs for young people — including targeted investments in women and girls.”
    • India’s population anxieties:
      • There have been increasing calls for imposing a two-child norm in India by various political leaders, and some States such as Assam have issued an order in 2021 to bar those with more than two children from government jobs, the UN agency said its findings for India too had suggested that “population anxieties have seeped into large portions of the general public”.
    • Cautionary: 
      • Imposition of such targets can lead to imbalanced sex ratios, preferential health and nutrition for male children, denial of the paternity of female children, violence against women for giving birth to girl children, and coercion of women to have fewer or greater numbers of children.

Challenges for India

• Delayed Census
  • An authoritative assessment of India’s current population has been hampered by an intriguing delay in carrying out the Census 2021 exercise & the government is yet to reveal its plans for Census 2021.
  • The Census exercise produces basic input data for all sorts of indicators used for planning and policy implementation.
  • In the absence of reliable indicators, based on solid numbers from the Census, the quality of these decisions could suffer.
• Focus on key areas:
  • A population of more than 1.4 billion will require the unflinching focus of policymakers on areas fundamental to human well-being — education, nutrition, healthcare, housing, and employment.
• Productivity and economy:
  • The youth will have to be equipped with skills that are indispensable to the knowledge economy.
  • People’s productivity will have to increase for any given per capita income.
  • Will need policies to increase jobs so that labour force participation rate increases for both men and women.
• Climate change:
  • The climate crisis and other ecological imperatives will mean that the footprints of many activities are kept light.
• Democratic challenges:
  • Most importantly, the challenges will spur debate, discussion, even dissension, and require that diverse voices are heard.
  • India’s democratic traditions and the strength of its institutions will be needed to navigate the way forward from here.
• State-wise focus:
  • Much more needs to be done on this, of course, in large parts of the country, including in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, whose TFR is higher than the national average and where gender discrimination has deep social roots.
• Choice to women:
  • To actually realise Population Control, educating women and giving them freedom to make choice and implement it, should be first to have attention by the Government.
  • State must ensure contraceptives are accessible, affordable and available in a range of forms acceptable to those using them.

Way ahead

• India has a window of opportunity well into the 2040s for reaping its “demographic dividend”, like China did from the late 1980s until up to 2015.
• However, this is entirely contingent upon the creation of meaningful employment opportunities for a young population— in the absence of which, the demographic dividend can well turn into a demographic nightmare.

General Studies Paper 3

Context: Quantum computing technology has emerged as a revolutionary field, holding the potential to transform numerous industries and applications. With the Indian Union Cabinet’s approval of the ₹6,003 crore National Quantum Mission, India is set to join the global race in developing cutting-edge quantum computing, communication, and sensing technologies.

As the world’s leading nations continue to invest heavily in quantum research and development, this rapidly evolving domain promises to unlock extraordinary capabilities, reshaping the future of computing and its associated applications.

What is Quantum computing and how it is different from classical computing?

• Quantum computing is a revolutionary approach to computation that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. It differs significantly from classical computing, which is based on classical physics and uses bits to represent data as either 0 or 1.
• The main differences between quantum computing and classical computing are as follows:
• Fundamental units:While classical computing uses bits as its fundamental units of data, quantum computing uses quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits can represent data as 0, 1, or both 0 and 1 simultaneously, thanks to a quantum phenomenon called superposition.
• Superposition:Classical bits can only exist in a single state at any given time, either 0 or 1. Qubits, however, can exist in a superposition of states, meaning they can be in multiple states at once. This property allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations and solve problems that are infeasible for classical computers.
• Entanglement:Another key difference between quantum and classical computing is the concept of entanglement. In quantum computing, qubits can become entangled, meaning the state of one qubit is directly related to the state of another, even when they are far apart. Entanglement allows for faster and more efficient information processing, as changes in one qubit can instantaneously affect the entangled qubits.
• Parallelism: Due to superposition and entanglement, quantum computers can perform multiple calculations simultaneously. This inherent parallelism allows them to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers, which process data sequentially.
• Problem-solving capabilities:Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems in areas such as cryptography, optimization, materials science, and drug discovery that are currently intractable for classical computers.
• However, quantum computers are not intended to replace classical computers but rather complement them by tackling specific types of problems.

What is the need for developing quantum computing?

• Limitations of Classical Computing:Classical computers struggle to handle complex problems and large data sizes. Quantum computing promises to address these challenges, allowing us to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computers.
• Irregular Growth and Progress:The need for quantum computing development is to ensure continued growth and progress in multiple domains. As the world becomes increasingly reliant on technology and computation, quantum computing can help meet the demands and keep up with the rapid pace of change.
• Complex global issues:Quantum computing is needed to address complex global issues like climate change, disease outbreaks, and resource management, as it can process vast amounts of data and provide timely solutions.
• Insecure communications:Current encryption methods may become vulnerable with the advent of quantum computing. Developing quantum technologies is necessary to ensure secure communication and protect sensitive information. Advancing scientific research: Quantum computing is needed to simulate quantum systems accurately, which can help unlock new discoveries in areas like physics, chemistry, and biology.
• Uncompetitiveness:As other nations invest heavily in quantum technology, it is essential for countries to develop their own capabilities to remain competitive and maintain their strategic edge.
• Unknown future challenges:Investing in quantum computing today is necessary to build a strong foundation for tackling unknown challenges and opportunities that may emerge in the future.

How India is developing quantum computing technologies?

• India’s Approach to Developing Quantum Computing Technologies:
• National Quantum Mission:The Indian Union Cabinet approved the ₹6,003 crore National Quantum Mission, an eight-year project aimed at developing quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing technologies, bringing India on par with global leaders like the US and China.
• Research and Development:India is investing in quantum computing research through various institutions, including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), where projects such as quantum cryptography and quantum simulations are being explored.
• Government support and funding:The Indian government has allocated significant funds (in 2020 budget) to support quantum technology research and development, such as the ₹8,000 crore National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications (NMQTA), which will fund projects across academia, research institutions, and industry.
• Research Institutions and Industry Collaboration:Indian research institutions like the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), and the Raman Research Institute collaborate with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the industry to advance quantum computing technologies.
• Quantum startup ecosystem:India is witnessing the growth of quantum computing startups, such as QNu Labs and QuScTec, working on developing quantum algorithms, hardware, and software solutions to tackle real-world problems.
• Skill development and education:Indian universities and research institutions, like IIT Madras, are focusing on developing quantum expertise by offering specialized courses and degrees in quantum computing and related fields, preparing the next generation of quantum scientists and engineers.
• Military applications:The Indian Army has established a quantum research facility in Madhya Pradesh, focusing on the development of quantum technologies for military applications, such as secure communication and advanced sensing capabilities.

How other countries are developing quantum computing technologies?

• United States:The US has a strong focus on quantum computing research, with companies like IBM, Google, and Rigetti Computing leading the way. The US government has also established the National Quantum Initiative to support and coordinate quantum research and development.
• China:China is investing heavily in quantum computing research, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and leading universities collaborating on projects. In 2020, China achieved a major milestone by demonstrating quantum supremacy with its Jiuzhang quantum computer. The country has also made significant progress in quantum communication with the launch of the world’s first quantum satellite, Micius.
• European Union:The European Union has launched the Quantum Technologies Flagship, a €1 billion initiative to support quantum research and development across Europe. Key players in the region include companies like IQM Quantum Computers and research institutions like the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics.
• Canada:Canada is also a significant player in the field of quantum computing, with the University of Waterloo’s Institute for Quantum Computing and companies like D-Wave Systems and Xanadu contributing to advancements in the technology.

What are the potential applications of quantum computing?

• Secure Communication:Quantum computers can enable ultra secure communication using quantum encryption, making it nearly impossible for hackers to intercept sensitive information.
• New Medicines:Quantum computing can help simulate complex molecular interactions, allowing researchers to discover new drugs and optimize existing ones.
• Improved Climate Predictions:Quantum computers can process vast amounts of data, leading to more accurate climate models and better-informed policies for environmental preservation.
• Enhanced AI Models:Quantum computing can dramatically improve machine learning algorithms, enabling more efficient and accurate AI models for various applications.
• Logistics and Supply Chains:Quantum computing can find optimal solutions for complex optimization problems, such as routing and scheduling, to improve efficiency in logistics and supply chains.
• Better Investment Strategies:Quantum computing can analyze complex financial data, allowing for improved risk assessment and investment strategies in the financial sector.

What are the challenges in developing quantum computing technology?

• Developing practical and reliable QCs faces significant challenges:
• Engineering larger quantum processors:A practical QC needs at least 1,000 qubits. Currently, the largest quantum processor has 433 qubits. Engineering barriers need to be overcome to create larger processors.
• Maintaining specific conditions:Qubits require extremely low temperatures, radiation shielding, and protection against physical shock to maintain their superposition states.
• Error-correction:Quantum error-correction is tricky due to the no cloning theorem, which states that a qubit’s state cannot be perfectly cloned. Error-correction requires entangling each qubit with thousands of physical qubits.
• Error amplification:Researchers must develop QCs that don’t amplify errors when more qubits are added. Keeping error rates below a certain threshold is crucial, as more qubits could otherwise increase informational noise.

What are the challenges in developing quantum computing technology in India?

• Limited Facilities:India faces challenges in establishing advanced research facilities and providing adequate resources for quantum computing development.
• Insufficient Funds:Securing funding for research and development in quantum computing remains a challenge, with limited private and public investment compared to global competitors.
• Talent Shortage:India faces a shortage of skilled professionals and researchers in the field of quantum computing, making it difficult to build a strong talent pool.
• Weak Partnerships:Lack of strong collaborations between academic institutions, research organizations, and industries can slow down the progress of quantum computing development in India.
• IP Protection:India needs to improve its intellectual property (IP) protection and technology transfer mechanisms to encourage innovation and safeguard researchers’ work in quantum computing.
• Way forward:
• Invest in Facilities:The government and private sector should invest in building state-of-the-art research facilities and providing resources for quantum computing development.
• Increase Support:Both public and private entities should increase funding and investment in quantum computing research, development, and innovation.
• Education and Training:India should focus on enhancing education and training programs in quantum computing, including specialized courses and workshops to build a strong talent pool.
• Promote Partnerships:Encourage collaborations between academic institutions, research organizations, and industries to create a robust ecosystem for quantum computing development.
• Government Policies:The government should develop policies that support and encourage the growth of the quantum computing sector, including incentives for research and development, and the establishment of quantum computing hubs.

General Studies Paper 3

Introduction

• Quantum computing technology has emerged as a revolutionary field, holding the potential to transform numerous industries and applications. With the Indian Union Cabinet’s approval of the ₹6,003 crore National Quantum Mission, India is set to join the global race in developing cutting-edge quantum computing, communication, and sensing technologies.
• As the world’s leading nations continue to invest heavily in quantum research and development, this rapidly evolving domain promises to unlock extraordinary capabilities, reshaping the future of computing and its associated applications.

What is Quantum computing and how it is different from classical computing?

• Quantum computing is a revolutionary approach to computation that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. It differs significantly from classical computing, which is based on classical physics and uses bits to represent data as either 0 or 1.
• The main differences between quantum computing and classical computing are as follows:
• Fundamental units:While classical computing uses bits as its fundamental units of data, quantum computing uses quantum bits, or qubits. Qubits can represent data as 0, 1, or both 0 and 1 simultaneously, thanks to a quantum phenomenon called superposition.
• Superposition:Classical bits can only exist in a single state at any given time, either 0 or 1. Qubits, however, can exist in a superposition of states, meaning they can be in multiple states at once. This property allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations and solve problems that are infeasible for classical computers.
• Entanglement:Another key difference between quantum and classical computing is the concept of entanglement. In quantum computing, qubits can become entangled, meaning the state of one qubit is directly related to the state of another, even when they are far apart. Entanglement allows for faster and more efficient information processing, as changes in one qubit can instantaneously affect the entangled qubits.
• Parallelism: Due to superposition and entanglement, quantum computers can perform multiple calculations simultaneously. This inherent parallelism allows them to solve certain problems much faster than classical computers, which process data sequentially.
• Problem-solving capabilities:Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems in areas such as cryptography, optimization, materials science, and drug discovery that are currently intractable for classical computers.
• However, quantum computers are not intended to replace classical computers but rather complement them by tackling specific types of problems.

What is the need for developing quantum computing?

• Limitations of Classical Computing:Classical computers struggle to handle complex problems and large data sizes. Quantum computing promises to address these challenges, allowing us to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computers.
• Irregular Growth and Progress:The need for quantum computing development is to ensure continued growth and progress in multiple domains. As the world becomes increasingly reliant on technology and computation, quantum computing can help meet the demands and keep up with the rapid pace of change.
• Complex global issues:Quantum computing is needed to address complex global issues like climate change, disease outbreaks, and resource management, as it can process vast amounts of data and provide timely solutions.
• Insecure communications:Current encryption methods may become vulnerable with the advent of quantum computing. Developing quantum technologies is necessary to ensure secure communication and protect sensitive information. Advancing scientific research: Quantum computing is needed to simulate quantum systems accurately, which can help unlock new discoveries in areas like physics, chemistry, and biology.
• Uncompetitiveness:As other nations invest heavily in quantum technology, it is essential for countries to develop their own capabilities to remain competitive and maintain their strategic edge.
• Unknown future challenges:Investing in quantum computing today is necessary to build a strong foundation for tackling unknown challenges and opportunities that may emerge in the future.
• How India is developing quantum computing technologies?
• India’s Approach to Developing Quantum Computing Technologies:
• National Quantum Mission:The Indian Union Cabinet approved the ₹6,003 crore National Quantum Mission, an eight-year project aimed at developing quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing technologies, bringing India on par with global leaders like the US and China.
• Research and Development:India is investing in quantum computing research through various institutions, including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), where projects such as quantum cryptography and quantum simulations are being explored.
• Government support and funding:The Indian government has allocated significant funds ( in 2020 budget) to support quantum technology research and development, such as the ₹8,000 crore National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications (NMQTA), which will fund projects across academia, research institutions, and industry.
• Research Institutions and Industry Collaboration:Indian research institutions like the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), and the Raman Research Institute collaborate with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the industry to advance quantum computing technologies.
• Quantum startup ecosystem:India is witnessing the growth of quantum computing startups, such as QNu Labs and QuScTec, working on developing quantum algorithms, hardware, and software solutions to tackle real-world problems.
• Skill development and education:Indian universities and research institutions, like IIT Madras, are focusing on developing quantum expertise by offering specialized courses and degrees in quantum computing and related fields, preparing the next generation of quantum scientists and engineers.
• Military applications:The Indian Army has established a quantum research facility in Madhya Pradesh, focusing on the development of quantum technologies for military applications, such as secure communication and advanced sensing capabilities.

How other countries are developing quantum computing technologies?

• United States:The US has a strong focus on quantum computing research, with companies like IBM, Google, and Rigetti Computing leading the way. The US government has also established the National Quantum Initiative to support and coordinate quantum research and development.
• China:China is investing heavily in quantum computing research, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and leading universities collaborating on projects. In 2020, China achieved a major milestone by demonstrating quantum supremacy with its Jiuzhang quantum computer.The country has also made significant progress in quantum communication with the launch of the world’s first quantum satellite, Micius.
• European Union:The European Union has launched the Quantum Technologies Flagship, a €1 billion initiative to support quantum research and development across Europe. Key players in the region include companies like IQM Quantum Computers and research institutions like the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics.
• Canada:Canada is also a significant player in the field of quantum computing, with the University of Waterloo’s Institute for Quantum Computing and companies like D-Wave Systems and Xanadu contributing to advancements in the technology.

What are the potential applications of quantum computing?

• Secure Communication:Quantum computers can enable ultrasecure communication using quantum encryption, making it nearly impossible for hackers to intercept sensitive information.
• New Medicines:Quantum computing can help simulate complex molecular interactions, allowing researchers to discover new drugs and optimize existing ones.
• Improved Climate Predictions:Quantum computers can process vast amounts of data, leading to more accurate climate models and better-informed policies for environmental preservation.
• Enhanced AI Models:Quantum computing can dramatically improve machine learning algorithms, enabling more efficient and accurate AI models for various applications.
• Logistics and Supply Chains:Quantum computing can find optimal solutions for complex optimization problems, such as routing and scheduling, to improve efficiency in logistics and supply chains.
• Better Investment Strategies:Quantum computing can analyze complex financial data, allowing for improved risk assessment and investment strategies in the financial sector.

What are the challenges in developing quantum computing technology?

• Developing practical and reliable QCs faces significant challenges:
• Engineering larger quantum processors:A practical QC needs at least 1,000 qubits. Currently, the largest quantum processor has 433 qubits. Engineering barriers need to be overcome to create larger processors.
• Maintaining specific conditions:Qubits require extremely low temperatures, radiation shielding, and protection against physical shock to maintain their superposition states.
• Error-correction:Quantum error-correction is tricky due to the no cloning theorem, which states that a qubit’s state cannot be perfectly cloned. Error-correction requires entangling each qubit with thousands of physical qubits.
• Error amplification:Researchers must develop QCs that don’t amplify errors when more qubits are added. Keeping error rates below a certain threshold is crucial, as more qubits could otherwise increase informational noise.

What are the challenges in developing quantum computing technology in India?

• Limited Facilities:India faces challenges in establishing advanced research facilities and providing adequate resources for quantum computing development.
• Insufficient Funds:Securing funding for research and development in quantum computing remains a challenge, with limited private and public investment compared to global competitors.
• Talent Shortage:India faces a shortage of skilled professionals and researchers in the field of quantum computing, making it difficult to build a strong talent pool.
• Weak Partnerships:Lack of strong collaborations between academic institutions, research organizations, and industries can slow down the progress of quantum computing development in India.
• IP Protection:India needs to improve its intellectual property (IP) protection and technology transfer mechanisms to encourage innovation and safeguard researchers’ work in quantum computing.

What should be done?

• Invest in Facilities:The government and private sector should invest in building state-of-the-art research facilities and providing resources for quantum computing development.
• Increase Support:Both public and private entities should increase funding and investment in quantum computing research, development, and innovation.
• Education and Training:India should focus on enhancing education and training programs in quantum computing, including specialized courses and workshops to build a strong talent pool.
• Promote Partnerships:Encourage collaborations between academic institutions, research organizations, and industries to create a robust ecosystem for quantum computing development.

Government Policies: The government should develop policies that support and encourage the growth of the quantum computing sector, including incentives for research and development, and the establishment of quantum computing hubs.

General Studies Paper 2

Context: The article deals with changing landscape of civil society in India.

What are the challenges faced by civil society in current times?

• CSOs lobbying for greater constitutional and civic freedoms are facing many challenges.
• The access of funds to CSOs has been restricted by cancelling Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act clearances, revoking licenses, imposing retrospective taxes, and pressuring private companies and philanthropists to redirect funding.
• Civil society is being vilified as disruptive to India’s development trajectory — and therefore anti-national.
• Some specific CSOs are the primary recipient of government patronage and also the principal beneficiary of Corporate Social Responsibility funds.

What are the issues with the working of CSOs?

• Instead of reorientation of their operational methodologies, CSOs still follow outdated tactics whose overall utility is fast diminishing. For example, sanctioned protests at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi, Town Hall in Bengaluru or Azad Maidan are not useful in the present scenario.
• Similarly, articles, speeches at think tanks/conferences, and petitions/open letters do not shame governments into any substantive course correction.
• Even lobbying legislators to raise issues is ineffective as it has become easy to hinder or ignore Parliamentary functions.
• Progressive CSOs fail to blend socio-cultural values with welfare/constructive work or calls to protect constitutional values. They are unable to reshape hearts and minds, and guide mass consciousness.
• Vast sections of society have been radicalized. This is a major shortcoming of progressive civil society.
• Evidence from various States suggests that local communities secure benefits from progressive CSOs, but ideologically align with the ruling government. This dichotomy has resulted in psychological fatigue among key activists.

What are the options for civil society?

• CSOs need some financial sustenance because of financial constraints. Without sustained support, CSOs cannot mould public discourse.
• Young activists could be inducted into political parties, either within the party organisation or in an aligned body. This could create an institutionalised moral force within the parties. This would afford parties a layered systemic approach to thorny issues.
• Currently, many parties consciously avoid direct exposure to difficult issues that could adversely impact them electorally. This includes communal disturbances, atrocities against Dalits and women, and advocating for Adivasi rights or civic and political freedoms.
• If an aligned civil society organisation took up such issues, it would ensure that a party remains connected to genuine community problems. There is a precedent to this, when the Congress Movement complemented the Congress system.

Way forward:

• CSOs will need to urgently collaborate with other progressive stakeholders. They will need to shed their studied aversion to each other and political parties.
• We need to find structural solutions to structural problems. This is our historic responsibility.
• Private philanthropies and companies need to realise that they are the only lifeline for progressive CSOs today. It is infinitely easier to support organisations that work on ‘soft’ issues that may not invite the wrath of the powers. But inaction today will directly contribute to the extinction of civil society.
• Conscientious Indians must find the courage to work together and silently devise new methods of collaboration.

General Studies Paper 2

Context: The article discusses issues of accessibility with the disadvantaged group and measures needed to address those.

What is accessibility and why is it needed?

• Accessibility is a fundamental human right, but it’s often overlooked in our daily lives. Therefore, there is a need to see beyond physical differences and treat everyone with empathy and respect.
• This includes learning how to interact with people with reduced mobility and understanding their needs. For instance, not misusing parking or sitting areas or using toilets designated for people with reduced mobility.
• There is also a need to prioritize accessibility to the needy such as wheelchair users, pregnant women, or children, and help make public spaces more accessible for all.
• When people have the freedom to choose how they want to live their lives,they become more productive and contribute more to society and the economy.

What are some of the concerns with accessibility in India?

• The proportion of elderly(over 60 years old) people in India is expected to increase from 8.6 per cent in 2011 to 12.5 per cent by 2030 and almost 20 per cent by 2050. 
• Currently, due to inadequate infrastructure, elderly individuals who expect to enjoy their lifelong savings are unable to do so. They are unable to enjoy themselves due to unexpected challenges like temporary injuries, etc.
• However, as India turns 100 in 2047, it could proactively address accessibility issues.

How can India address the accessibility issues by 2047?

• Making India accessible by 2047 for everyone requires collective effort.
• India should prioritise accessibility in its infrastructure development, transport and policies.This will provide equal opportunities for all and ensure full participation in society.
• India is the world’s largest democracy, and it has a unique opportunity to lead the world in making accessibility a fundamental human right and position itself to become a superpower.

General Studies Paper 2

Context: The article discusses the threats associated with the use of the internet to children and measures needed to address those.

How are children vulnerable to the internet?

• Over the last few years and especially post-pandemic, access to the internet for children has increased for education, learning, and entertainment.
• Due to which, online sexual abuse of children has increased by 400 times. 
• Therefore, the government is trying to revamp India’s Information Technology Act, 2000 and provide safe harbour to child safety.

Why is a safe harbour important for child safety?

• Safe harbour ensures that users can benefit from an open, free and safe internet, and protects people from the dangers of mass censorship by intermediaries.
• The current IT Act provides safe harbour protection to online intermediaries whereby platforms are liable to take down user-generated content on receiving ‘actual knowledge’ of its illegality through a court or government order.
• Therefore, increasing the accountability of online intermediaries is important.
• However, overarching restrictions on civil rights and dilution of safe harbour can impact user safety, as seen in the case of SESTA-FOSTA legislations of the US.
• Five years after its enactment, numerous reports came up suggesting that these laws had endangered the lives of sex workers. It made it difficult to gather evidence to investigate and prosecute traffickers.
• Therefore, the IT Act should be amended in such a way that it serves the purpose.

What changes can be made to the IT Act 2000?

• Adopting Tech-Based Solutions:The new IT Act must focus on expanding affirmative technology-based solutions to tackle child sexual abuse material (CSAM) and establish community hotlines for swift remedial measures. The Supreme Court of India also recommended these measures in the Prajwala case of 2018.
• Moreover, public-private partnerships to incentivize the growth of privacy-enabling technologies must be encouraged.
• Tech companies must use cutting-edge technologies, adopt global best practicessuch as end-to-end encryption and build new ways to identify and take action against perpetrators.
• Greater responsibility sharing and capacity enhancement:The new law should focus on deploying streamlined grievance redressal processes that intermediaries must adopt to efficiently respond to online harm.
• A process should be adopted for grading grievances according to the degree of harm and those related to CSAM proliferation should be addressed on an immediate basis.
• Intermediaries should also make their terms of service easily comprehensible for children and create easily accessible mechanisms for them to lodge complaints.
• Furthermore, improving law enforcement authorities’ capacity to conduct efficient investigations and prompt prosecutions.
• Sensitization and collaboration:Children should be included as equal participants in the fight against online child abuse. For instance, the Australian government is instituting a Youth Advisory Council, which will provide the administration feedback on online safety issues and measures to counter cyber-harm.

Many countries are also making efforts through their engagement of school systems to raise public awareness on the issue. It could be helpful to adapt such practices to Indian educational systems as well.

General Studies Paper 3

Context: Jamnagar in Gujarat is the top exporting district in India.   It formed about 24% of India’s exports in value terms in FY23 (till January).

• Surat in Gujarat and Mumbai Suburban in Maharashtra feature second and third by a distance, forming only about 4.5% of the country’s exports in the period.
• The other districts in the top 10 are Dakshina Kannada (Karnataka), Devbhumi Dwarka, Bharuch and Kachchh (Gujarat), Mumbai (Maharashtra), Kancheepuram (Tamil Nadu) and Gautam Buddha Nagar (Uttar Pradesh).

Status of the Export Sector in India:

• Status of Trade:
  • The merchandise trade deficit,which is the gap between exports and imports, increased by over 39% in 2022-23 to record USD 266.78 billion, as compared to USD 191 billion in 2021-22.
  • Merchandise imports increased by 51% in 2022-23,while merchandise exports rose by 6.03%.
    • Overall trade deficit, however, stood at USD 122 billion in 2022-23, as compared to USD 83.53 billion in the 2022, gaining support from trade surplus in services.

• India’s Major Export Arenas:
  • Engineering Goods:They registered a 50% growth in exports, at USD 101 bn in FY22.
    • Currently, all pumps, tools, carbides, air compressors, engines, and generators manufacturing MNC companies in India are trading at all-time highs and shifting more production units to India.
  • Agriculture Products:Agricultural exports were buoyed by the government’s push to meet global demand for food amid the pandemic. India exports rice worth USD 9.65 bn, the highest among agricultural commodities.
  • Textile and Apparels:India’s textile and apparel exports (including handicrafts)  stood at USD 44.4 billion in FY22, a 41% increase on a YoY basis.
    • Government’s scheme like Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (MITRA) Park are giving a strong boost to this sector.
  • Pharmaceuticals and Drugs:India is the third-largest producer of medicines by volume and the biggest supplier of generic drugs.
    • India supplies over 50% of Africa’s requirement for generics, around 40% of generic demand in the US and 25% of all medicine in the UK.
  • Challenges Related to Export Sector:
    • Access to Finance:Access to affordable and timely finance is crucial for exporters.

However, many Indian exporters face challenges in obtaining finance due to high interest rates, collateral requirements, and lack of credit availability from financial institutions, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

• Limited Diversification of Exports: India’s export basket is concentrated in a few sectors, such as engineering goods, textiles and pharmaceuticals, which makes it vulnerable to global demand fluctuations and market risks.
  • Limited diversification of exports poses a challenge to India’s export sector as it can limit its resilience to changing global trade dynamics.
• Rising Protectionism and Deglobalisation:Countries around the globe are moving towards protectionist trade policies due to disrupted global political order (Russia-Ukraine War) and weaponization of supply chain, that is in way shrinking India’s export capacities.

Way Forward

• Investment in Infrastructure:Improved infrastructure and logistics are critical for enhancing export competitiveness.
  • India should prioritise investments in transportation networks, ports, customs clearance processes,and export-oriented infrastructure such as export promotion zones and specialised manufacturing zones.
  • This can reduce transportation costs, improve supply chain efficiency,and boost export capabilities.
• Skill Development and Technology Adoption:Skill development programs should be implemented to enhance the availability of skilled labour in export-oriented industries.
  • Additionally, incentivizing and promoting technology adoption, such as automation,digitization, and Industry 4.0 technologies, can boost productivity, competitiveness, and innovation in the export sector.
• Exploring Joint Development Programmes:Amidst a wave of deglobalisation and slowing growth, exports cannot be the sole engine of growth.
  • India can also explore joint development programmes with other countries in sectors like space,semiconductor, solar energy to improve India’s medium-term growth prospects.

General Studies Paper 2

Context: G7 countries concluded two days of meetings on climate, energy and environmental policy in the northern Japanese city of Sapporo.

• • Renewable fuel sources and energy security have taken on a new urgency following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Key Highlights of the Meeting

• Carbon-free electricity production by 2035:
  • The Group of Seven (G7) countries are committed to working towards ensuring carbon-free electricity production by 2035 and “accelerating” the phase-out of coal.
• Impetus to Solar Power:
  • They agreed to accelerate solar and wind energy investments to produce 1,000 gigawatts (GW) by 2030 from solar power and 150 GW of wind power from off-shore platforms.
• Removal of Fossil Fuel Subsidies:
  • They reaffirm the commitment to the elimination of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies by 2025.
• Net zero in energy systems by 2050: 
  • The members agreed to accelerate “the phase-out of unabated fossil fuels” – the burning of fossil fuels without using technology to capture the resulting C02 emissions – to achieve net zero in energy systems by 2050

Other Key Facts relating to Carbon Emission

• Temperatures have already risen by 1.1C since the pre-industrial era.
• The G-7 nations account for 40% of the world’s economic activity and a quarter of global carbon emissions.
• Emerging markets and developing economies now account for more than two-thirds of global carbon emissions
• Russia is one of the world’s largest suppliers of enriched uranium for civilian nuclear programs, with more than 40 per cent of enrichment capacity globally.
• India and China are significantly dependent on coal for electricity, whereas several developed countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and Europe are reliant on gas reserves

Challenges in Phasing out coal in India

At the United Nations-Conference of Parties (COP) meeting in Glasgow in 2021, India had objected to language in the agreement to “phase out” and pushed instead for a “phase down” of coal.

• High Energy dependence:Coal is Primary energy contributor with a 57% share of India’s energy mix and Coal demand is expected to not peak until the early?2030s.
• Very high Economic cost in phasing out, for example Germany coal phaseout needs investment of more than 50 billion euros.
• Resources richness:According to the Geological Survey of India, India has 319.02 billion tones(bt) cumulative coal reserves in India and the economy of states like Jharkhand, Orissa depends on coal mining.
• Negative impact on tax:In FY20, the Centre alone collected approximately Rs 29,200 crore in GST compensation cess from coal.
• Job loss:one study has mentioned direct coal jobs at 7,44,984 excluding contract employees.
• Issue of NPA:Economic shifts and policy changes may turn coal-fired power plants into stranded assets (non-performing assets). This will rapidly decrease their value, or they may turn into liabilities. This process is already observed in some G20 countries.

India’s Efforts

• Revised NDCs:
  • India is now committing itself to at least 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP by 2030 from 2005 level.
  • India is committing to ensure that at least 50% of installed electricity generation capacity in 2030 would be based on non-fossil fuel-based sources
  • Increase non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW (gigawatts) by 2030.
  • Reduce the total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tones (BT) by 2030.
  • Achieve net zero carbon by 2070.
• The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: It helped 88 million households to shift from coal-based cooking fuels to LPG connections.
• Hydrogen Energy Mission: Focus on generation of hydrogen from green power resources.
• E-Vehicle: India is accelerating its e-mobility transition with the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME Scheme).
• Vehicle scrapping policy to phase out old and unfit vehicles complements the existing schemes.
• Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT): It is a market-based mechanism to further accelerate as well as incentivize energy efficiency in the large energy-intensive industries.
• Major Programmes in Renewable Energy Sector 
  • National Solar Mission (NSM)
  • Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM):PM-KUSUM provides farmers with incentives to install solar power pumps and plants in their fields.
  • Solar Parks Scheme: To facilitate large scale grid-connected solar power projects.
  • Green Energy Corridor (GEC):To facilitate renewable power evacuation and reshaping the grid for future requirements.
  • International Solar Alliance (ISA): It has 122 sun-belt countries as its prospective member countries and currently boasts a membership of 86 countries globally.
  • It is the largest grouping of states, after the United Nations
  • National Action Plan on Climate Change
  • National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
  • National Biofuel Policy, etc.