General Studies Paper-3

Context: The proportion of older persons in the total population will increase from 6 percent in 2011 to 20.8 percent in 2050.

• A demographic shift refers to a change in the composition of a population over time.
• This change can occur due to various factors such as changes in birth and death rates, migration patterns, and changes in social and economic conditions.
• A demographic dividend is a phenomenon that occurs when a country’s population structure shifts from having a high proportion of dependents (children and elderly) to having a higher proportion of working-age adults.
• This change in population structure can result in economic growth and development if the country invests in its human capital and creates conditions for productive employment.

Demographic changes in India:

• In 1941, male life expectancy was about 56 years; only 50% of boys survived to age 28.
  • Today, life expectancy for men is 69 years, and nearly 50% live to see the ripe old age of 75.
• Total Fertility Rate fell from 7(five point seven) in 1950 to 2.1(two point one)in 2019.
• With four children: The chance of not having a son was barely 6%, but with two children, it grew to 25%.
  • Social norms and patrilocal kinship patterns combined with lack of financial security reinforce a preference for sons.
• The India Human Development Survey (IHDS) found that:
  • 85% of women respondents expected to rely on their sons for old age support
  • 11% expected support from their daughters.
• Parents who want to ensure that they have at least one son among their one or two child families, resorted to sex-selective abortion, and, in some cases, the neglect of sick daughters.
• The number of girls per 100 boys, ages under five dropped from 96 to 91 between 1950 and 2019.

Demographic distribution:

• Most states in the southern region and select northern states such as Himachal Pradesh and Punjab reported a higher share of elderly population than the national average in 2021.
  • This gap is expected to widen by 2036.
• East and South Asian societies: rapidity of ageing compared to the experience of Western countries.
• The magnitude of the increase in the proportion of older persons witnessed over a hundred years in the West has occurred in a mere 20-30 years in South and East Asia.

Challenges associated with increasing elderly population(middle and low-middle-income countries)

• Inadequate social protection for the elderly, including pensions, access to health and social-care services.
• Rapid changes in family structures, with the spread of nuclear families,

Steps taken by East Asian countries:

• They have integrated health and social care through financial investments, including a variety of insurance schemes
• They have strengthened these institutions at the community level.

Challenges for India:

• Unlike the East and South East Asian countries, India does not have a universal public pension scheme, health insurance or social-care provisioning
• India has some health insurance and social welfare schemes targeted only at older persons below the poverty line.
• Available macro data and a few micro studies highlight inequalities in the availability, accessibility, affordability and acceptability of the services and support needed by older persons.
• Access to government health insurance like the Ayushman Bharat Programme is seen as being limited to those below the poverty line.
• Government insurance programmes like the Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) or the Employment State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) cover only government employees and those in the organized sector.
• Older persons face difficulties in claiming insurance due to long processing times, claim deductions and rejections.

What steps need to be taken?

• Assess the supply side in terms of social protection, insurance schemes, and health and social-care institutions.
• Given the fractured landscape of financing and provisioning of the required services.
  • Define the ecosystem of care and then offer a guide to policy planning.

Different surveys:

• Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI): Those above 60 years suffer from multiple morbidities due to non-communicable diseases that include diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular conditions.
  • It highlights the variations in the social determinants of the health and well-being of older persons.
  • Geographical location, class, caste and gender, work and pensions are important determinants for perceived quality of life.
  • A large proportion of older persons, especially those who continue to work and that too in the unorganized sector, are ineligible for pension or other forms of income support.
• The Helpage India Report 2024, ‘Ageing in India: Exploring Preparedness and Response to Care Challenges’: It carried out across 10 states and 20 cities
  • It highlights the gaps in access to financial security, health and social care.
  • The cross-sectional survey covered Tier I and Tier II cities.
  • Its findings highlight the poor coverage of social pensions, which were largely skewed to the middle classes in government service.
  • Older persons reportedly felt financially insecure and were dependent on their family members for support.
• Both the LASI survey and the Helpage India Report highlight the burden of multiple morbidities due to one or more Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs).

Way Forward

• As the disease burden increases with age, the ability to manage activities of daily living reduces.
  • The elderly require both physical and emotional support that is mostly provided by family members.
  • Given the changes in family structure in urban areas, the stress of caregiving falls on women in the household.
  • In households where adult children have migrated for work, older persons often live on their own.
• Institutional support outside the realm of family and home-based care, in the form of retirement communities and long-term and end-of-life care, is poorly developed in India in the public, private and non-profit sectors.
• The upper-middle class and the rich are able to access the newly emerging retirement communities that provide a range of services for health and social care.
  • The problem is acute for the lower-middle class and the urban and rural poor.
• Public policy must unpackage the multiple axes of inequalities in access to financial security, health and social care of older persons.
• As India becomes an aging society there are significant gaps in access to pensions, health services and social care for older persons that need to be addressed.
• As the country seeks to encash the “demographic dividend” it must pay attention to healthy ageing.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The recent Union Budget unveiled five major employment-related schemes with an ambitious ₹2 lakh crore outlay spread over five years, aimed to facilitate jobs, skilling, and other opportunities for 4.1 crore youth, and these need policy initiatives for meaningful employment opportunities.

About

• In recent years, the issue of unemployment has gained prominence globally. Governments, policymakers, and economists grapple with finding sustainable solutions to create jobs and ensure economic stability.
• In India, this challenge is particularly acute, given our large and diverse population.

Recent Employment Package

• In response to the jobs crisis, the current Finance Minister announced a five-scheme package. One of these schemes aims to incentivise corporates to hire 1 crore interns over the next five years.
• However, the design of this scheme has raised concerns. It limits participation to the top 500 companies, excluding micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs).
• Given that MSMEs form a significant part of our economy, this exclusion seems counterproductive.

Flaws in Announcements

• One key flaw with annual budget announcements is that they often lead to grand headlines but lack effective implementation. Finance Ministers make promises—whether related to disinvestment targets or employment schemes—but the follow-through often falls short.
  • For instance, disinvestment targets rarely materialise as planned, and employment-related announcements face similar hurdles.
• Moreover, the scale of the announced internship program—each company taking on an average of 4,000 interns annually—appears unrealistic.
• With automation and artificial intelligence making some positions redundant, expecting companies to double or triple their workforce in the short run seems ambitious.

Recognising the Wage Challenge

• In the pursuit of sustainable mass employment, it needs to acknowledge the existing race to the bottom on wages first. India has an abundance of unskilled workers, which often leads to suppressed wages.
• The Periodic Labour Force Survey of 2019-20 revealed that a wage earner falls within the top 10% if they earn ₹25,000 per month. It highlights the need to uplift wages and ensure dignified livelihoods for all.

Skilling and Placement Challenges

• Short-duration skill programs often suffer from low long-term placements. Part of this issue lies in the low wages offered, which make it challenging for individuals to maintain a life of dignity in urban areas.
• Many end up returning to their villages in search of alternative livelihoods.

Education, Skills, and Consumption

• States with better human development indicators tend to have higher monthly per capita consumption.
• Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, and Sikkim fall into this category. Odisha, despite pushing short-duration skilling, faces low per capita consumption due to a lack of robust higher secondary, higher education, and vocational opportunities.

Role of the State

• While urging the private sector to create jobs is essential, the state also plays a critical role. Determining the floor rate of wages and ensuring high-quality public goods are responsibilities that impact mass employment with dignity.
• Interestingly, India’s public employment per unit of population remains lower than that of most developed countries.

Key Policy Initiatives

• Decentralised Community Action: Begin by identifying skilling needs through community involvement. Gram sabhas (village councils) and basti samitis (urban neighbourhood committees) can play a crucial role in taking government programs directly to the people.
• State Role in Wage Determination: While urging the private sector to create jobs, the state should also play a role in setting minimum wages and ensuring high-quality public goods.
• Productivity Enhancement: Encourage productivity gains through targeted interventions and investments.
• Public Employment: India’s public employment per unit of population is lower than in most developed countries. Exploring avenues for increased public employment can contribute to sustainable mass employment.
• Focusing on Youth: Create a register of all individuals seeking employment or self-employment. Develop personalised plans for each youth in partnership with professionals at the cluster level.

Green Jobs and Beyond

• Additionally, the concept of ‘green jobs’ is gaining traction. Industries related to sustainable finance, clean energy, and environmental conservation are creating employment opportunities.
  • For instance, green building professionals, energy managers, and smart city planners are in demand.

Related Government Initiatives

• Infrastructure Investments: The focus on roads, railways, airports, ports, mass transport, waterways, and logistics infrastructure creates job opportunities.
• Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY): Launched in 2020, this scheme incentivises employers to create new jobs and restore lost employment during the pandemic.
• Digital Platforms and Manufacturing: Expanding public digital platforms and boosting manufacturing output contribute to economic growth and employment.

Way Forward: Need for Comprehensive Solutions

• Creating employment in the long run is a topic of immense importance, especially given the challenges posed by economic shifts, technological advancements, and demographic changes.
• Demand-Side Measures: Rather than relying solely on supply-side measures, we need to address the demand for goods and services. A robust economy generates jobs naturally. Policies that stimulate consumer spending and business investment play a crucial role.
• Skill Development: Upskilling and reskilling are essential. As technology evolves, workers must adapt. Government initiatives should focus on enhancing employability through vocational training and lifelong learning.
• Support for MSMEs: MSMEs are the backbone of our economy. Encouraging their growth and providing them with resources—financial, technological, and managerial—can lead to substantial job creation.
• Labour Reforms: Ensuring acceptable working conditions, reasonable hours, fair wages, and safety measures is vital. Labour laws need to strike a balance between worker rights and business viability.
• Investment in Essential Public Services: Rather than relying solely on nudges, the government should consider a comprehensive economic package. Long-term investments in critical sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure can create jobs and improve overall well-being.

Conclusion

• Addressing the employment challenge requires a multifaceted approach—one that combines policy innovation, private sector participation, and a commitment to long-term growth.
• Sustainable mass employment requires a multifaceted approach, involving community engagement, skill development, and supportive policies.
• Achieving sustainable mass employment requires addressing wage disparities, improving skilling programs, and recognizing the state’s role in ensuring dignified work opportunities.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: In a significant diplomatic engagement, India and Japan recently conducted their third “2+2” dialogue, bringing together their foreign and defence ministers.

About the India-Japan 2+2 Dialogue (2024)

• It refers to a high-level meeting between the foreign affairs and defence ministers (or secretaries) of two countries.
• It’s a format that allows for comprehensive discussions on a wide range of issues, including defence cooperation, regional security, and strategic alignment.
• It emphasised defence cooperation and the significance of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to a rules-based order in the region, especially in light of China’s assertiveness.
• The strategic partnership between India and Japan is closely tied to the Indo-Pacific. For India, this aligns naturally with its Act East policy.
• Both countries recognize the importance of a free and open Indo-Pacific region, where maritime security, trade, and connectivity play crucial roles.

Strategic Context

• The dialogue took place against the backdrop of a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. Both nations recognise the importance of this region, especially given China’s assertive military actions in the area.
• India and Japan share a “Special Strategic and Global Partnership.” This relationship is built on common values such as democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. Defence cooperation has emerged as a crucial pillar within this partnership.

Mutual Cooperation

• The India-Japan relationship has transformed into a special strategic and global partnership over the last decade. This evolution stems from expanding interests and collaborative efforts.

Recent Instances of the “2+2” Dialogue

• India-U.S. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue (2023): It was aimed to expand the global strategic partnership between India and the US, focusing on defence industrial ties, Indo-Pacific engagement, and cooperation in critical areas like high-technology and minerals.
• India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue (2023): Discussions centred on enhancing defence cooperation and deepening the strategic relationship, particularly in critical sectors such as trade, investment, and access to critical minerals.

Significance of  “2+2” Dialogue

• Comprehensive Engagement: The “2+2” format allows for a holistic discussion that combines diplomatic and defence perspectives. It ensures that both ministries align their strategies and policies.
• Strategic Alignment: In an increasingly complex geopolitical landscape, countries seek reliable partners who share common interests. The dialogue helps strengthen strategic alignment and mutual understanding.
• Indo-Pacific Focus: Many of these dialogues emphasise the Indo-Pacific region—a critical area for global security and economic stability. Participants discuss maritime security, freedom of navigation, and regional stability.

Conclusion and Way Forward

• India stressed that the “2+2” dialogue should focus on the road ahead. Since their last meeting in Tokyo two years ago, global developments and changes in capabilities necessitate recalibrating their relationship.
• It echoed the sentiment, emphasising that the India-Japan partnership rests on democratic values and adherence to the rule of law.
• India and Japan continue to strengthen their bilateral ties, particularly in the context of regional security challenges. The Indo-Pacific remains a critical theatre for cooperation, and both nations are committed to maintaining a stable and open environment in the face of geopolitical complexities

General Studies Paper-2

Context: India and Malaysia decided to upgrade ties to a ‘Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’ during talks between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim.

About

• Both leaders announced the decision to upgrade the 2010 Strategic Partnership, which had been made an ‘Enhanced Strategic Partnership’ in 2015, along with a number of agreements and MoUs signed in their presence.
  • These include MoUs on workers’ mobility, digital technology, culture, tourism, sports, and education.
• The two Prime Ministers also discussed geopolitical challenges, including the current conflicts and tensions in the Indo-Pacific region.

Overview of India and Malaysia Relations

• Diplomatic Relations: India and Malaysia established diplomatic relations shortly after Malaysia gained independence from British rule in 1957.
  • Both countries are members of various international organizations, such as the United Nations, ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), and the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Trade and Economic Relations: Malaysia is the 13th largest trading partner for India while India stands amongst the 10 largest trading partners globally.
  • Furthermore, Malaysia has emerged as the third largest trading partner for India from the ASEAN region and India is the largest trading partner for Malaysia among the countries of the Southeast Asian region.
  • Malaysia stands as an important trade partner, as both countries have engaged in various economic agreements such as the India-Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA).
  • Both countries have agreed to conduct trade settlements in Indian rupees, reflecting an intention to bolster trade relations.
• Defense and Security: The defense ties have steadily expanded, marked by the signing of a defense cooperation memorandum in 1993, regular defense cooperation meetings, joint military exercises, and Malaysia’s interest in acquiring 18 new Indian light fighter jets, indicating potential growth in arms trade between the two nations.
• Strategic Partnership: India and Malaysia have aimed to strengthen their strategic partnership through various initiatives, including high-level visits, joint commissions, and dialogues.
  • Both countries have expressed interests in enhancing cooperation in areas such as defense, counter-terrorism, maritime security, and cultural exchanges.
• ASEAN Centrality: Malaysia holds a crucial position in expanding India’s trade with ASEAN, aligning with India’s Act East Policy, advancing maritime connectivity in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea, and supporting ASEAN’s Indo-Pacific Perspective (AOIP) and the Indo-Pacific Initiative (IPOI).
• Tourism and diaspora: Over the last two decades, tourism has been a cornerstone in fostering relations between India and Malaysia.
  • Various agreements, including the India-Malaysia visa waiver for diplomatic and official passport holders, a tourism-focused memorandum of understanding in 2010, a bilateral agreement on employment and workers’ welfare in 2009, and a revised air services agreement in 2017, have significantly contributed to the growth of tourism between the nations.
• Cultural Ties: Indian influence in Malaysia can be seen in various aspects of Malaysian culture, including language, religion (Hinduism and Buddhism), architecture, cuisine, and festivals.

Challenges

• Trade Disputes and Imbalances: Issues related to tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and trade restrictions have occasionally strained economic ties between the two countries.
• Domestic Politics: Internal political developments in either country often strain relations. For example, changes in government or political leadership lead to shifts in foreign policy priorities.
• Geopolitical Considerations: Both countries have diverse foreign policy priorities and engagements with other nations, which lead to differences in strategic perspectives.
• South China Sea: While not directly involved, Malaysia’s stance on South China Sea disputes impact its broader regional strategies.
  • India’s interest in regional stability and maritime security sometimes align or conflict with Malaysia’s positions.

Conclusion

• India and Malaysia completed 65 years of modern diplomatic relations in 2022.
• The relations between India and Malaysia have grown from a Strategic Partnership to an Enhanced Strategic Partnership and to a comprehensive partnership now, with new cooperation in cultural diplomacy, digital economy, and agricultural commodities forthcoming.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: Recent replies in Parliament showed that the overall average mechanisation level for crops stands at 47%, and it will take another 25 years to reach 75-80% mechanisation in India.

About Farm Mechanisation in India

• Farm mechanisation refers to the adoption of machinery and technology in various agricultural operations. It plays a pivotal role in enhancing productivity, reducing manual labour, and ensuring timely and efficient farm practices.
• In India, where agriculture remains a backbone of the economy, mechanisation becomes even more critical.

Current Scenario

• Overall Mechanisation Level: The available data for major crops—such as rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, and sugarcane—paints a picture of 47% overall mechanisation.
• While states like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab have relatively high mechanisation levels, the northeastern states lag behind significantly.

Crop-Specific Insights

• Wheat: Leading the pack, wheat achieves 69% mechanisation.
• Rice: Not far behind, rice clocks in at 53% mechanisation.
• Others: Maize (46%), pulses (41%), oilseeds (39%), cotton (36%), and sugarcane (35%) are still catching up. .
• Sorghum and Millets: These crops lag at 33% mechanisation.

Key Areas of Mechanisation

• Seed-Bed Preparation: This operation is highly mechanised (over 70%) for major crops like rice and wheat. Proper seedbed preparation ensures optimal soil conditions for planting.
• Sowing and Planting: Mechanisation levels vary, with wheat sowing being the most mechanised. Sugarcane and rice transplanting still rely significantly on manual labour.
  • At 40%, there’s room for improvement.
• Weeding and Inter-Culture: Currently mechanised to 32%.
• Harvesting and Threshing: This critical phase stands at 34% mechanisation.
  • Surprisingly, this area remains the least mechanised for most crops, except rice and wheat. Rice and wheat harvesting see mechanisation levels of over 60%, while cotton lags behind.

Global Comparisons

• United States: The U.S. leads the way with a mechanisation level of 95%. Advanced technologies, precision agriculture, and large-scale farming contribute to this impressive figure.
• Brazil: Brazil stands at 75% mechanisation. Its vast agricultural expanses, especially in soybean and sugarcane cultivation, benefit from modern machinery.
• China: China, with 59.5% mechanisation, has made significant strides. Its focus on rice and wheat production, along with government support, drives mechanisation efforts.
  • India’s overall mechanisation level lags behind countries like China (59.5%) and Brazil (75%).

• While India’s farm mechanisation industry is valued at around ₹9,200 crores (as of 2022), the global industry stands at approximately $100 billion. India aims to grow its share to ₹15,000 crores by 2026.

Factors at Play

• Socio-Economic Conditions: Different economic realities influence farmers’ choices.
• Geographical Factors: Terrain, climate, and soil type impact the feasibility of mechanisation.
• Crop Diversity: Different crops have unique requirements.
• Irrigation Facilities: Availability of water plays a role.

Benefits of Mechanisation

• Cost Savings: Farmers save 15-20% on seeds and fertilisers.
• Improved Germination: Mechanization boosts seed germination by 7-25%.
• Time Efficiency: It saves 20-30% of farmers’ time.
• Small and Marginal Farmers: With 86% of farmers owning less than 2 hectares, tailored machinery for small holdings is crucial.

Challenges

• Skills Gap: Many farmers lack awareness about modern technology and machinery management.
• Small Landholdings: India has a large number of small and marginal farmers, making individual ownership of expensive machinery economically challenging.
• Rainfed Agriculture: Half of India’s arable land depends on rainfed agriculture, which requires tailored mechanisation solutions.

Related Government Initiatives

• Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM): Launched in 2014-15, this centrally sponsored scheme aims to promote farm mechanisation. It provides financial assistance for purchasing agricultural machines, establishing Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs), and setting up Farm Machinery Banks (FMBs).
  • Components of SMAM include Hubs for Hi-tech & High-value Farm Equipment, Awareness and Skill Development, and Quality Assurance along with the CHCs, and FMBs.
  • From 2014-15 to 2020-21, over ₹4,556.93 crores have been released under SMAM, resulting in the establishment of more than 27,500 Custom Hiring Institutions and distribution of over 13 lakh agricultural machines.
• Make in India: The government encourages domestic manufacturers to produce agricultural machinery through research and development support, skill development, and simplified rules for testing.
  • Preference is given to domestically manufactured products in public procurement, fostering a level playing field for Indian manufacturers.

State-Specific Initiatives

• States like Rajasthan and Karnataka have also taken steps to promote farm mechanisation. For instance:
• Rajasthan: The state budget includes an agri-tech mission that provides subsidies for various types of equipment, benefiting small and marginal farmers and women farmers.
• Karnataka: The state aims to establish 100 Harvester Hubs and invest in farm mechanisation projects under the Krishi Bhagya scheme.
  • Karnataka emphasises the importance of scientific farming and integrated farming systems to improve farmers’ income.

What more to be done for achieving 75-80% Farm Mechanisation in India?

• Financial Support and Incentives: Offering subsidies or financial incentives for purchasing agricultural machinery encourages adoption. Governments can provide targeted support for small and marginal farmers.
• Indigenous Solutions: Encouraging research and development for locally relevant machinery is essential.
  • ‘Make in India’ initiatives should focus on creating equipment suited to Indian soil conditions, crop types, and farm sizes.
• Precision Farming Technologies: Investing in precision agriculture technologies (such as GPS-guided tractors, drones, and sensor-based systems) can optimise resource use and improve yields.

Infrastructure Development

• Rural Roads and Connectivity: Improved rural infrastructure ensures smooth transportation of machinery to farms.
• Electricity Access: Reliable electricity supply is critical for running electric-powered machinery. Promoting solar-powered solutions can address energy challenges.

Collaboration with Private Sector

• Industry Partnerships: Collaborating with private companies, especially farm equipment manufacturers, can accelerate innovation and technology adoption.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra emphasises the importance of automation technologies, including self-driven tractors, can reduce manual interventions, enhance productivity, and minimise costs for farmers.
  • Mahindra’s recent OJA tractor range incorporates cutting-edge technologies to empower smaller farmers.
• Start-ups and Agri-Tech Companies: Supporting start-ups that focus on mechanisation and precision farming can drive technological advancements.

Customisation for Small Landholdings

• Small and Marginal Farmers: Given that a majority of Indian farmers have small landholdings, customised solutions (e.g., mini tractors, small-scale implements) are essential. Cooperative models for machinery sharing can be explored.
• Affordable Technology: Developing cost-effective machinery suitable for small plots is crucial.

Policy Reforms

• Trade Policies: Ensuring import restrictions on low-quality machinery while promoting domestic manufacturing.
• Incentivising Research: Tax breaks and grants for companies investing in R&D for farm equipment.

Promotion of Agri-Entrepreneurship

• Young Entrepreneurs: Encouraging youth to venture into agri-mechanisation services can create a network of service providers.
• Skill Development Institutes: Establishing institutes that train technicians in farm machinery repair and maintenance.

Monitoring and Evaluation

• Performance Assessment: Regularly evaluating the impact of mechanisation programs helps identify gaps and refine strategies.
• Data-Driven Approaches: Using data analytics to understand adoption rates, challenges, and success stories.

Conclusion

• Farm mechanisation is not just about replacing human labour; it’s about bridging efficiency gaps, ensuring food security, and sustaining livelihoods. As India continues its agricultural journey, smart mechanisation will play a pivotal role in shaping a prosperous and resilient farming sector.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: On the occasion of Independence Day, the Prime Minister echoed his bold call for the implementation of a Secular Civil Code (SCC) reigniting a debate that has been lingering for decades.

Understanding the Concept

• A Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to provide a single set of laws governing personal matters—such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and property rights—for all citizens, regardless of their religious affiliations.
• Currently, India follows different personal laws based on religion: Hindu law, Muslim law (Sharia), Christian law, and others.
• The idea behind a UCC is to replace these diverse legal frameworks with a common code applicable to everyone.
• The Supreme Court in 2019 hailed Goa as a ‘shining example’ of an Indian State which has a functioning UCC.

Historical Context

• The debate over a UCC dates back to the drafting of the Indian Constitution. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Constitution, advocated for a secular approach to the civil code.
• He believed that the UCC should be seen as a secular law—one that treats all citizens equally, irrespective of their faith. Ambedkar argued that other laws, such as criminal procedure codes and property laws, already applied uniformly to all Indians.

Current Scenario

• The Prime Minister’s call for a secular civil code echoes Ambedkar’s vision. He highlighted that the existing civil code is often perceived as communal and discriminatory.
• Indeed, the Supreme Court has repeatedly discussed the need for a UCC, emphasising that laws dividing the country along religious lines should be eliminated.
• By advocating for a secular approach, the Prime Minister aims to bridge the gap and create a legal framework that unifies rather than divides Indians.

Constitutional Provisions

• Article 44 contained in Part IV of the Constitution says that the state ‘shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India’.
• Part IV of the Constitution outlines the Directive Principles of State Policy, which, while not enforceable or justiciable in a court of law, are fundamental to the country’s governance.

UCC in India

• It follows the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, which means that people of all religions in Goa are subject to the same laws on marriage, divorce, and succession.
• The Goa Daman and Diu Administration Act of 1962, which was passed after Goa joined the union as a territory in 1961, gave Goa permission to apply the Civil Code.
• States like Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Assam have expressed their willingness to follow the UCC, none have officially adopted it.

Challenges and Controversies

• Implementing a UCC is not without challenges. India’s diversity—linguistic, cultural, and religious—poses complexities. Critics argue that imposing a uniform code might infringe upon religious freedom and traditions.
• However, proponents emphasise that a UCC would promote gender equality, protect individual rights, and foster national unity.

Arguments Favouring UCC

• Uniformity in Governance: Having a common set of laws would streamline governance and administrative processes, making it easier for the state to administer justice and ensure the rights of its citizens.
• Women’s Rights: Personal laws in different religions may have discriminatory provisions, particularly against women, and a uniform code will provide a more egalitarian legal framework.
• Secularism: A Uniform Civil Code is seen as a way to reinforce the secular fabric of the country by treating all citizens equally irrespective of their religious affiliations.
• International Image: Implementing a UCC may enhance India’s international image by demonstrating a commitment to principles of equality, secularism, and human rights.
• The Supreme Court in various judgments including Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs Shah Bano Begum (1985) has called for the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code.
• Promote national Spirit: The implementation of a UCC will promote the integration of India by establishing a shared platform for diverse communities.

Arguments Opposing UCC

• Plurality in existing laws: Experts argue that if there is plurality in already codified civil and criminal laws, how can the concept of ‘one nation, one law’ be applied to diverse personal laws of various communities.
• Issues with implementation: The implementation of the code has been difficult because India is a diverse country with various religious communities following their own personal laws.
  • It has been argued that the marriage and death rituals observed by tribal communities differ from Hindu customs, and there is concern that these practices may also face prohibition.
• Challenge for Law and Order: It would be a tyranny to the minority and when implemented could bring a lot of unrest in the country.
• Against Constitutional Provisions: UCC is perceived as an infringement upon the constitutional right to freely exercise one’s chosen religion found in Article 25 and 26 and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution
• Fear among minorities: There is a contention that the Uniform Civil Code may potentially enforce a code that is influenced by Hindu practices in all communities.
  • The Law Commission of India stated that a UCC “is neither necessary nor desirable at this stage”. It recommended that discriminatory practices, prejudices and stereotypes within a particular religion and its personal laws should be studied and amended.

Conclusion and Way Ahead

• The debate around the secular civil code is multifaceted, touching upon constitutional principles, social justice, and cultural sensitivity. As India continues to evolve, finding a balance between unity and diversity remains crucial.
  • Perhaps, in the spirit of Ambedkar’s vision, a secular civil code can be a step toward a more harmonious and equitable society.
• The authorities should consult with different sections of society before implementing the UCC to foster an environment of inclusivity, transparency, and respect for diverse perspectives throughout the process.
• The Law Commission expressed its support for achieving “equality within communities” as opposed to pursuing “equality between” communities.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: In the recently released Economic Survey, the Chief Economic Advisor estimated that India needed to create close to 8 million new jobs each year for the coming decade.

Status

• India has been one of the brightest spots when it comes to GDP growth rates.
• India is doing extremely well in terms of its growth numbers.
  • At 7% growth for this fiscal year makes India the fastest growing major economy in the world, and that contributes about 17% to global growth

Main Challenges

• Inflation: Inflation is stabilizing but still needs careful management to avoid adverse economic effects.
• Geopolitical Tensions: Conflicts, particularly in the Middle East, could affect commodity prices, such as oil.
• Political Uncertainty: Numerous elections globally this year may bring policy uncertainty affecting growth.
• Medium-Term Growth: Projected global growth rates are weak compared to historical averages, necessitating structural reforms.
• The dollar’s dominance is due to the strength of U.S. institutions, open capital markets, and network effects.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Employment

• About 25% of Indian workers are exposed to AI, with mixed effects on different sectors.
  • AI can help address skill shortages, improve public finance, and enhance educational methods.
  • But certain sectors, like call centres, may see reduced demand for human labour due to AI.

Related steps

• Flexible inflation targeting has generally been successful globally by anchoring inflation expectations and improving credibility.
• India’s Experience: Since adopting inflation targeting in 2015, India has seen more stable inflation, although challenges remain.\
  • India is experiencing robust GDP growth, contributing significantly to global growth.

Suggestions  and Way Forward

• Encouraging corporate investment and flexible labour markets can aid broad-based growth and job creation.
• Improving ease of doing business and reducing trade restrictions are vital.
• Focus on education, skilling, and raising productivity in agriculture is essential for long-term growth.
• Improving macroeconomic and financial stability, and currency convertibility, benefits countries regardless of whether their currency becomes dominant.
• With continued reforms, India could sustain and possibly enhance its growth, but job creation is crucial.
  • India needs to create 60 to 148 million new jobs by 2030, requiring broad-based growth across sectors.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the third developmental flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

About

• The SSLV-D3 placed the Earth observation satellite EOS-08 precisely into orbit.
• It also marks the completion of ISRO/Department of Space’s SSLV Development Project.
• NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), ISRO’s commercial arm, and India’s private space industry can now produce SSLVs for commercial missions.

What is an SSLV?

• It is a three-stage Launch Vehicle configured with three Solid Propulsion Stages.
• It also has a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as a terminal stage, which can help adjust the velocity as it prepares to place the satellite.
• Significance: Essentially, the aim behind SSLVs is to produce low-cost launch vehicles with short turnaround times and minimal infrastructural requirements.
  • The SSLV can launch satellites weighing up to 500kg and accommodate multiple satellites.
  • Before SSLVs, smaller payloads had to be sent into Space using other launch vehicles carrying multiple, bigger satellites. They depended upon the launch schedules of those satellites.

Launch Vehicles

• Launchers or Launch Vehicles are used to carry spacecraft to space.
• India has three active operational launch vehicles: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk-III (LVM3).
• PSLV: PSLV has been a versatile launch vehicle deployed for launching all the three types of payloads viz. Earth Observation, Geo-stationary and Navigation. It has got highest success rate and considered as work horse of ISRO.
• GSLV with indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage has enabled the launching up to 2 tonne class of communication satellites.
• The LVM3 is the next generation launch vehicle capable of launching 4 tonne class of communication satellites and 10 tonne class of payloads to LEOs.
  • The vehicle was developed with completely indigenized technologies including the C25 cryo stage.
  • The launch vehicle has a track record of all successful launches even from the first development flight.
  • The Human rated LVM3 is identified as the launch vehicle for Gaganyaan mission, which is named as HRLV.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Prime Minister on the occasion of 78th Independence day, outlined commitment towards becoming a global leader in semiconductor production and achieving the target of Viksit Bharat by 2047.

About

• There was a time when India used to import mobile phones but now India has created a manufacturing ecosystem in the country and emerged as a big manufacturing hub.
• Many global companies are eager to invest in India, with the nation poised to become a global leader in semiconductor production.
• There is a need for state governments to compete in attracting these investments, which requires policies that ensure good governance and law and order.

India’s Semiconductor Industry

• In 2022, the Indian semiconductor market was valued at US$ 26.3 billion and is projected to expand at a CAGR of 26.3% to US$ 271.9 billion by 2032.
• Semiconductor devices include diodes, transistors and photovoltaic cells assembled or not assembled in modules or panels, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and mounted piezo-electric crystals.

Factors favouring India

• Skilled Workforce: India leads the world with record number of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) graduates, offering the much-needed skilled workforce required in semiconductor manufacturing, design, research, and development.
• Cost Advantage: India offers a substantial cost advantage for semiconductor manufacturing due to the lower labour cost, supply chain efficiency and emerging ecosystem.
• Global Supply Chain Diversification: India has become a preferred destination for back-end assembly and testing operations amidst this industry relocation, with potential for future front-end manufacturing.
• Policy support: The Indian government has promptly seized the opportunity following the global semiconductor supply chain glut after the pandemic and showed great intent through policy support to present India as an alternative to China in the global semi supply chain.

Government Initiatives

• India Semiconductor Mission: It functions as a dedicated division within the Digital India Corporation.
  • Its main goal is to nurture a strong semiconductor and display ecosystem to position India as a prominent global player in electronics manufacturing and design.
  • Under ISM, there are several schemes in place:
• The government offers incentives for manufacturing setup in India:
  • Under the Semiconductor Fab Scheme, fiscal support of 50% of the project cost on an equal footing for all technology nodes.
  • Under the Display Fab Scheme, fiscal support of 50% of the project cost on an equal footing basis.
  • Under the Compound Semiconductor Scheme, fiscal support of 50% of the capital expenditure on an equal footing basis, including support for discrete semiconductor fabs.
• In February 2024, the government approved the establishment of three semiconductor plants, two in Gujarat and one in Assam.

Way Ahead

• India is poised to witness exponential growth in its semiconductor industry with the advent of well-thought initiatives as well as calculated partnerships.
• Through the European Commission and Japan, the Indian government’s MoU indicates their commitment to take proactive steps towards strengthening global semiconductor ecosystems.
• With sustained efforts and a proactive stance, India is on course to solidify its position as a leading semiconductor manufacturing hub, contributing majorly to technological advancement and economic growth.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: In his 11th Independence Day speech, PM Modi called for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC), framing it as a “Secular Civil Code” as distinct from the existing “communal civil code”.

What is Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?

• A Uniform Civil Code refers to the provision of one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities, in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc.
• Currently, separate personal laws apply for the members of different major religions.
• The Supreme Court in 2019 hailed Goa as a “shining example” of an Indian State which has a functioning UCC.

Constitutional Provisions

• Article 44 contained in part IV of the Constitution says that the state “shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India”.
• Part IV of the Constitution outlines the Directive Principles of State Policy, which, while not enforceable or justiciable in a court of law, are fundamental to the country’s governance.

UCC in India

• UCC in Goa: It follows the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867, which means that people of all religions in Goa are subject to the same laws on marriage, divorce, and succession.
  • The Goa Daman and Diu Administration Act of 1962, which was passed after Goa joined the union as a territory in 1961, gave Goa permission to apply the Civil Code.
• States like Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Assam have expressed their willingness to follow the UCC, none have officially adopted it.

Arguments in favor of UCC

• Uniformity in Governance: Having a common set of laws would streamline governance and administrative processes, making it easier for the state to administer justice and ensure the rights of its citizens.
• Women’s Rights: Personal laws in different religions may have discriminatory provisions, particularly against women, and a uniform code will provide a more egalitarian legal framework.
• Secularism: A Uniform Civil Code is seen as a way to reinforce the secular fabric of the country by treating all citizens equally irrespective of their religious affiliations.
• International Image: Implementing a UCC may enhance India’s international image by demonstrating a commitment to principles of equality, secularism, and human rights.
• The Supreme Court in various judgments including Mohd. Ahmed Khan vs Shah Bano Begum judgment of 1985, has called for the implementation of the Uniform Civil Code.
• Promote national Spirit: The implementation of a UCC will promote the integration of India by establishing a shared platform for diverse communities.

Arguments against UCC

• Plurality in existing laws: Experts argue that if there is plurality in already codified civil and criminal laws, how can the concept of ‘one nation, one law’ be applied to diverse personal laws of various communities.
• Issues with implementation: The implementation of the code has been difficult because India is a diverse country with various religious communities following their own personal laws.
  • It has been argued that the marriage and death rituals observed by tribal communities differ from Hindu customs, and there is concern that these practices may also face prohibition.
• Challenge for Law and Order: It would be a tyranny to the minority and when implemented could bring a lot of unrest in the country.
• Against Constitutional provisions: UCC is perceived as an infringement upon the constitutional right to freely exercise one’s chosen religion found in Article 25 and 26 and the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution
• Fear among minorities: There is a contention that the Uniform Civil Code may potentially enforce a code that is influenced by Hindu practices in all communities.
• The Law Commission of India stated that a UCC “is neither necessary nor desirable at this stage”. It recommended that discriminatory practices, prejudices and stereotypes within a particular religion and its personal laws should be studied and amended.

Way Ahead

• The authorities should consult with different sections of society before implementing the UCC to foster an environment of inclusivity, transparency, and respect for diverse perspectives throughout the process.
• The Law Commission expressed its support for achieving “equality within communities” as opposed to pursuing “equality between” communities.