General Studies Paper-2

Context: India is now recognised globally for its world-class medical services, witnessing  profound transformations in the health-care sector and stands as a global health-care hub which signifies our medical prowess but also our economic resilience.

About India’s Health Sector: Recent Trends and Initiatives

• Government Health Expenditure and Primary Healthcare: Economic Survey 2023-2024 sheds light on several key aspects of India’s health sector.
  • Rise in Government Health Expenditure: The latest National Health Accounts (NHA) estimates reveal an increase in the share of Government Health Expenditure in the total GDP as well as the share of GHE in Total Health Expenditure.
  • Specifically, the share of primary healthcare expenditure has risen from 51.3% of Government Health Expenditure in FY15 to 55.9% of Government Health Expenditure in FY20.
  • The combined share of primary and secondary care in GHE has also increased significantly, from 73.2% in FY15 to 85.5% in FY20.
• Shift in Private Health Expenditure: Interestingly, the share of primary and secondary care in private health expenditure has declined during the same period (from 83% to 73.7%).
  • This shift is attributed to rising tertiary disease burden and increased utilisation of government facilities for primary healthcare.
  • It indicates a positive move towards strengthening public healthcare infrastructure and reducing reliance on private services.
• Social Security Expenditure on Health: The Survey highlights a significant increase in social security expenditure on health, growing from 5.7% in FY15 to 9.3% in FY20.
  • It reflects efforts to provide better healthcare access and financial protection to citizens.
• Medical Tourism and Cost Advantage: India’s healthcare system has become a hub for medical tourism. Patients from around the world seek treatment here due to cost advantages. For instance, the cost of surgery in India is approximately one-tenth of that in the US or Western Europe.

Health Indicators and Initiatives

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): IMR has declined from 39 per 1,000 live births in 2013 to 28 per 1,000 live births in 2020.
  • This reduction signifies progress in maternal and child health outcomes.
• Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): MMR has also shown improvement, declining from 167 per lakh live births in 2014 to 97 per lakh live births in 2020.
  • Efforts to enhance maternal care and safe deliveries have contributed to this positive trend.

India: From Medical Tourism to Preferred Destination

• Economic Implications: Until the 1980s, medical tourism was the norm. Indians sought treatments abroad, but this trend has reversed.
  • Recent studies reveal that India now saves billions in foreign exchange annually because fewer Indians need to travel abroad for medical care.
  • The cost of treatment here is significantly lower than in western countries, while maintaining high-quality care.
  • This shift has not only conserved valuable foreign exchange but also positioned India as a cost-effective health-care destination.
• Boosting the Economy: International patients contribute significantly to our economy. The influx of medical tourists generates revenues of over $9 billion annually. Beyond health care, this also fuels related sectors such as hospitality, transportation, and pharmaceuticals.
  • The Prime Minister’s vision of “Heal in India” extends beyond rhetoric—it’s a strategic move to position India as a global health-care leader.
• State-of-the-Art Infrastructure: Our state-of-the-art hospitals, skilled medical professionals, and cost-effective treatments have made India a preferred destination for medical tourists.
  • Patients from across the globe come here for a wide range of treatments, from complex cardiac surgeries to advanced oncology.

A Comparative Overview of India’s Health Sector

• Today, India stands as a global health-care hub, attracting patients from over 147 countries. This evolution signifies not only our medical prowess but also our economic resilience.
• Health System Review by the World Health Organization (WHO):
  • Mixed Health System: India’s health system is diverse, reflecting varying levels of maturity across states. This diversity arises due to the country’s vast heterogeneity in health and development indicators.
  • Public Expenditure: One significant challenge is the low public expenditure on health, which remains below 1% of GDP. This contrasts sharply with developed countries where health spending is substantially higher.
  • Healthcare Infrastructure: India has made progress in healthcare infrastructure, but gaps persist. While urban areas boast modern facilities, rural regions often lack adequate healthcare access.
  • Human Resources: India faces shortages of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and paramedics. This scarcity affects service delivery.
• Selected Indicators and International Comparisons: A report titled “International Health Care Models – Overview of 10 Developing Nations” provides a comparative table of health indicators across different countries, including India.
  • Life Expectancy: India’s life expectancy has improved but still lags behind developed nations. Factors like nutrition, sanitation, and healthcare access play a crucial role.
  • Infant Mortality: India faces challenges in reducing infant mortality rates. Developed countries have significantly lower rates due to robust healthcare systems.
  • Healthcare Costs: India is cost-competitive compared to its peers in Asia and the West. The cost of medical services is significantly lower, leading to medical tourism.

Key Concerns and Challenges

• Violences Against Healthcare Workers (VAHCW): These are alarmingly common in India. Over the last few months, there have been numerous incidents reported across various states, targeting doctors, nurses, and paramedics.
  • Statistics reveal an increasing pattern of aggression, particularly in public healthcare facilities. Younger and female professionals are disproportionately affected.
  • Lack of Uniformity and Loopholes in Existing Laws: The healthcare community has consistently called for robust laws to deter violence. However, as of 2020, only 19 states had implemented their statutes, each with varying provisions.
• Expenditure on Primary Healthcare: While private health expenditure has risen overall, the share allocated to primary and secondary care has declined. This shift—from 83% to 73.7%—is attributed to rising tertiary care costs.
  • It’s essential to prioritise investment in primary healthcare to ensure preventive and early intervention services.
• ‘One Health’ Approach for Emerging Diseases: Epidemics like Nipah virus outbreaks and Covid-19 often originate from non-human sources and cross over to humans.
  • Integrating human, animal, and environmental health is crucial for disease prevention and control.
• Health Inflation and Expenditure: The current annual rate of medical inflation stands at 15%, while overall inflation is 6-7% per annum.
  • Health expenditure currently accounts for 5% of India’s private final consumption expenditure.

Significant Initiatives

• Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): It aims to create a national digital health ecosystem that supports universal health coverage. It focuses on efficiency, accessibility, inclusivity, affordability, and safety.
  • The Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) Number facilitates digital access to health records. It allows interaction with healthcare providers and seamless receipt of lab reports, prescriptions, and diagnoses from verified professionals.
• CoWIN App: CoWIN (COVID Vaccine Intelligence Network) played a crucial role during the pandemic. It facilitated vaccine registration, appointment scheduling, and tracking of vaccination status.
  • By leveraging technology, CoWIN ensured efficient vaccine distribution and administration across the country.
• Aarogya Setu: Originally developed as a COVID-19 contact tracing app, Aarogya Setu has evolved into a comprehensive National Health App.
  • Through Aarogya Setu, individuals can register for an Ayushman Bharat Health Account (Digital Health ID). It enables interactions with healthcare providers and seamless access to digital health records.
• e-Sanjeevani and e-Hospital: These telemedicine platforms have revolutionised healthcare delivery. Patients can consult doctors remotely, receive prescriptions, and seek medical advice without physical visits.
  • e-Sanjeevani focuses on outpatient services, while e-Hospital caters to inpatient consultations.
• PM Jan Aushadhi Kendras: Providing affordable generic medicines.
  • AMRIT (Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants for Treatment): Ensuring access to quality medicines and medical devices.
• Increased Budget Allocation: In the 2024-2025 budget, the Union Health Ministry received a 12.9% increase in funding, reaching Rs. 90,958.63 crore.
  • The budget also exempted customs duty on three cancer treatment drugs: Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Osimertinib, and Durvalumab.
• Addressing Obesity and Mental Health: The Economic Survey highlighted rising obesity and mental health challenges.
  • Obesity is linked to processed food consumption, sedentary lifestyles, and micronutrient deficiencies. The survey emphasised the need for balanced diets.
  • Mental health, intertwined with overall well-being, received attention. The National Tele Mental Health Programme was allocated Rs. 90 crore.
• One Health Initiative: This cross-sectoral collaboration aims to improve health outcomes by addressing interlinked issues related to livestock health, human health, wildlife health, and the environment.
• Citizens’ Commission on Reimagining India’s Health System: A citizen-led initiative working towards achieving universal health coverage (UHC) in India. It emphasises collaboration across sectors and community involvement.

Way Forward: Room for Growth

• India’s Aspiration as a Global Health-Care Leader needs to foster an environment conducive to innovation by ensuring equitable access to quality health care, and prioritising the well-being of every individual.
• NITI Aayog emphasises affordable health care as a national priority, leveraging technology to reduce costs for all citizens.
• While India has made significant strides in medical tourism, there’s still room for improvement. Compared to our neighbouring countries, we can do more to enhance our health-care offerings.
• But the trajectory is promising, and with continued efforts, we can solidify our position as a global health-care leader.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: Australia had signed a deal to allow the exchange of nuclear secrets and material with the United States and Britain.

About

• It is a key step toward equipping its navy with nuclear-powered submarines.
• It binds the three countries to security arrangements for the transfer of sensitive U.S. and U.K. nuclear material and knowhow as part of the tripartite 2021 AUKUS security accord.

Major Highlights

• It specifies that the agreement will remain in force until December 31, 2075, but any party can exit it with a one-year written notice.
• In the event of a breach or termination, the remaining countries can demand the return or destruction of any exchanged information, material, or equipment.
• The material, to be transferred in complete, welded power vgunits, must only be used for naval propulsion.
• The treaty also allows the US and UK to cease cooperation and demand the return of materials if Australia breaches the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty or detonates a nuclear device.
• Australia will be responsible for any nuclear safety risks and will indemnify the US and UK against liabilities related to the nuclear material and equipment.
• The treaty includes a non-legally binding document outlining additional political commitments but does not specify any obligation for Australia to participate in US-led military actions.

What is AUKUS?

• AUKUS is a trilateral defence and security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States.
• It was established in 2021 to bolster their allied deterrence and defense capabilities in the Indo-Pacific.
• The trilateral partnership has two pillars.
• Pillar I revolves around the acquisition and development of conventionally armed nuclear-powered submarines for the Royal Australian Navy;
• and Pillar 2 focuses on cooperation in eight advanced military capability areas: artificial intelligence (AI), quantum technologies, innovation, information sharing, and cyber, undersea, hypersonic and counter-hypersonic and electronic warfare domains.

Why was AUKUS formed?

• Increasing Presence of China: The Indo-Pacific region has witnessed increasing geopolitical tensions, including territorial disputes, military build-up, and assertive behavior by China.
  • The participating countries share concerns about maintaining peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the region.
• Technological Cooperation: AUKUS aims to enhance technological cooperation, particularly in the field of defense and security.
• Alliance Strengthening: AUKUS represents a deepening of security ties between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
• Response to Regional Dynamics: The formation of AUKUS is seen as a response to shifting regional dynamics and evolving security challenges in the Indo-Pacific.
• It reflects a broader trend of countries in the region seeking to forge closer security partnerships and alliances to address common concerns and counterbalance China’s influence.

Way Ahead

• Achieving the core objectives will take years, with Pillar I likely requiring decades, even with all states moving forward at full speed.
• Regardless, AUKUS still holds immediate promise for participating countries.
• Critically, it will help catalyze technological innovation and enhance research and development for emerging capabilities necessary to maintain a competitive edge, strengthen defense ties, and deepen the three countries’ presence in the Indo-Pacific.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: The member states of the United Nations has finalized a new international convention against cybercrime.

About

• The draft convention is expected to be adopted by the General Assembly later this year, thus becoming the first global legally binding instrument on cybercrime.
• Background: The road to this convention began more than five years ago when the United Nations recognized the new challenges to international security and criminal law.
  • The Ad Hoc Committee was established in 2019 and the draft convention was finally finalized in August 2024.

About the Convention

• Aim: To strengthen international cooperation in the fight against cybercrime, coordinate law enforcement efforts, and promote technical assistance and capacity building in member states.
• Tools: It provides states with a range of tools to effectively combat crimes such as terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, arms smuggling, and other criminal activities facilitated by modern information technologies.
• It is supporting developing countries through technical assistance and capacity building.
• The key objective is to improve the capabilities of national authorities in the prevention, detection, investigation, and prosecution of cybercrime.
• Convention includes the definition of criminal offenses such as illegal access to information systems, illegal interception, data manipulation, and system interference.
• It deals with the criminal liability of legal persons, the seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime, and international cooperation in criminal prosecution and the preservation of evidence.

What is Cybercrime?

• Cybercrime refers to criminal activities that involve the use of computers, networks, and digital technologies.
• It encompasses a wide range of illicit activities conducted in the virtual space, often with the intent to compromise, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, and data.
• Cybercriminals employ various techniques and tools to exploit vulnerabilities in networks, and they may target individuals, organizations, or even governments.

Common types of Cybercrime include:

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks to steal, alter, or destroy data.
• Phishing: Deceptive attempts to acquire sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, and financial details, by posing as a trustworthy entity.
• Malware: Malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. This includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware.
• Identity Theft: Stealing and using someone’s personal information, such as social security numbers or credit card details, for fraudulent purposes.
• Cyber Espionage: Covert activities aimed at gaining unauthorized access to sensitive information for political, economic, or military purposes.
• Cyberbullying: Using digital platforms to harass, threaten, or intimidate individuals.
• Online Fraud: Engaging in fraudulent activities, such as online scams and financial fraud, to deceive and exploit victims for monetary gain.

Cybercrime in India

• Chief executive officer of Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), mentioned that on average 5,000 cyber complaints are registered in the country every day and around 40-50% originate outside the country.
• Most cyber crimes were reported from Haryana, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Gujarat and Goa. Among Union Territories, most complaints came from Delhi, followed by Chandigarh and Puducherry.

Impact of Cyber Crimes

• National Security Threats: Cyber crimes pose a threat to national security when state-sponsored actors or criminal organizations target critical infrastructure, government institutions, or military systems.
• Financial Loss: This includes theft of personal information, online banking fraud, credit card fraud, and ransomware attacks.
• Data Breaches: Data breaches can lead to the exposure of personal information, trade secrets, intellectual property, and other confidential data, causing severe damage to the affected entities.
• Disruption of Services: Cyber attacks can disrupt essential services such as power grids, communication networks, and transportation systems.

Initiatives by Government of India to Prevent Cybercrimes

• Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): CERT-In is the national nodal agency for responding to cybersecurity incidents.
  • It provides proactive and reactive cybersecurity support and plays a crucial role in ensuring the security and resilience of the country’s cyber infrastructure.
• National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): It is responsible for protecting critical information infrastructure from cyber threats.
  • It identifies and designates critical sectors and advises organizations in these sectors on enhancing their cybersecurity measures.
• Cyber Crime Prevention against Women & Children (CCPWC) scheme: The Ministry of Home Affairs has provided financial assistance to all the States & UTs under the scheme to support their efforts for setting up of cyber forensic-cum-training laboratories, training, and hiring of junior cyber consultants.
• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): The Government has established I4C to provide a framework and ecosystem for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) to deal with cyber crimes in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.
• National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal: The Government has launched the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal to enable the public to report incidents pertaining to all types of cyber crimes.
• Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre): This initiative is aimed at creating awareness about botnet and malware infections and providing tools for detection and cleaning.

Conclusion

• The UN Convention against Cybercrime is more than just a legal instrument.
• It is a symbol of the need for global cooperation in a world in which digital technologies are becoming increasingly important and at the same time pose new risks and threats.
• The global community now faces the task of putting this Convention into practice and ensuring that it not only helps to combat cybercrime but also protects human rights and freedom in the digital age.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: Recently, the Scheme Guidelines for implementation of ‘Model Solar Village’ under PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana have been notified by the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

About Model Solar Village

• A Model Solar Village, a scheme component, aims to be developed in each district of the country to act as a role model for adoption of rooftop solar in rural areas, with the goal of promoting solar energy adoption and enabling village communities to become self-reliant in meeting their energy needs.
  • A total financial outlay of ₹800 crore has been allocated for this component, providing ₹1 crore per selected Model Solar Village.
  • A Model Solar Village must be a revenue village with a population size above 5,000 (or 2,000 for special category states).
• In these model villages, households will install solar panels on their rooftops. These panels convert sunlight into electricity, which can be used for lighting, appliances, and other energy needs.

Benefits

• Energy Independence: By generating their own electricity, households reduce dependence on conventional power sources. This not only saves money but also contributes to national energy security.
• Environmental Impact: Solar energy is clean and green. By adopting it, villages reduce their carbon footprint and combat climate change.
• Economic Empowerment: Lower electricity bills mean more disposable income for families. Additionally, surplus energy sales can provide an additional revenue stream.
• It is estimated that the scheme will create around 17 lakh direct jobs in manufacturing, logistics, supply chain, sales, installation and other services.

About the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana

• It aims to light up 1 crore households by providing up to 300 units of free electricity every month, marking a significant step towards sustainable development and people’s wellbeing.
• It aims to increase the share of solar rooftop capacity and empower residential households to generate their own electricity.
• The subsidy will cover up to 40% of the cost of the solar panels. The remaining costs have to be borne by the aspirant consumer.
• The Centre will fund 60% of the cost for installing 2 kW (kilowatt) systems and 40% of the cost for systems from 2-3 kW capacity.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: Recent crisis in Bangladesh could jeopardise its relations with India and affect growing trade ties, restricting the movement of people and goods, and stalling a potential free trade agreement (FTA) between the two countries.

Recent Developments

• Elections and Disconnect: The 2024 elections in Bangladesh were marked by the Opposition’s boycott, limited democratic space, erosion of human rights, economic downturn, and high youth unemployment.
  • These factors contributed to a growing disconnect between the government and its people, especially the youth who had previously benefited from economic growth under Prime Minister Hasina.
• Student Protests: When students’ protests erupted, the government’s handling of the situation—almost treating protesters as enemies of the state—sealed Prime Minister Hasina’s fate. The use of violence further exacerbated tensions.

Bangladesh Army’s Role

• Changing Landscape: Unlike in 2007, when the army intervened to restore order, the situation in 2024 is different.
  • The army now appears to be facilitating the will of the people by removing a beleaguered Prime Minister and restoring democratic processes.
• Vulnerability and Responsiveness: This shift has made the army more vulnerable and responsive to public opinion. General Waker-uz-Zaman, the current Bangladesh Army chief, faces a delicate balancing act.

India’s Stakes

• Historic Ties: India and Bangladesh share deep-rooted bonds of history, language, and culture. Their bilateral relations have evolved into a model for the entire region.
• Recent Interactions: In 2024, there were several high-level interactions between the two countries. Prime Minister Modi reaffirmed people-centric cooperation, and Bangladesh’s Foreign Minister Dr. Hasan Mahmud visited India.
  • Both leaders participated in virtual summits and inaugurated the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline.
• Vaccine Cooperation: India assured Bangladesh of vaccine availability as soon as they are produced domestically.

Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Discussions

• In October 2023, India and Bangladesh initiated discussions on a FTA during a meeting of the Joint Working Group on Trade in Dhaka. An FTA would reduce or eliminate customs duties, promote further trade, and facilitate investments.
  • A 2012 working paper published by the World Bank estimated that a full FTA for goods would increase Bangladesh’s exports to India by 182%, whereas a partial FTA could lead to a 134% increase.
  • However, an FTA accompanied with improved transport infrastructure and better connectivity could see Bangladesh’s exports rise to 297%.
  • India, too, would see an increase to its exports by as much as 172% in this scenario.
• Potential Impact: Sheikh Hasina’s departure could stall progress on the FTA, affecting market access and economic ties between the two nations.

Infrastructure and Connectivity

• Growing Ties: Infrastructure development and connectivity have been crucial aspects of India-Bangladesh relations.
• Lines of Credit: India extended three lines of credit to Bangladesh since 2016, totaling $8 billion. These funds were earmarked for road, rail, shipping, and port infrastructure development.
  • The Akhaura-Agartala rail link was inaugurated that connects Bangladesh and the northeast through Tripura.
  • It is likely to boost small-scale industries and develop Assam and Tripura.
  • The Maitree Express connecting Kolkata with Dhaka was started in 2008 after a hiatus of over 40 years.
  • Bangladesh is also part of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) which has its headquarters in Dhaka.
• Uncertainty: With an interim Bangladeshi government in place, the continuity of these infrastructure projects remains uncertain.
• Regional Stability: Stable infrastructure and connectivity contribute to regional stability and economic growth.
  • A disruption in Indo-Bangladesh ties could thus restrict India’s access to the Northeast, which will be connected to mainland India only through the narrow ‘Chicken’s Neck’ — only 22 km at its narrowest — between West Bengal and Assam.

Challenges for India

• Stability and Fundamentalism: Bangladesh’s escalating protests, financial crisis, and rising fundamentalist forces pose challenges for regional stability. India must closely monitor these developments.
• Refugee Crisis: Any instability in Bangladesh could spill over into India, affecting border security and potentially leading to a refugee crisis.

Conclusion

• India needs to navigate this changing landscape in Bangladesh carefully. Strengthening bilateral ties, supporting stability, and addressing shared challenges are crucial for both nations.
• As the situation unfolds, both countries will need to navigate this transition carefully to maintain their positive trajectory of cooperation and friendship.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Cabinet approved the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) with a budget of Rs 1,766 crore.

About ‘Clean Plant Programme’

• It is part of the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH).
• It was announced in the Budget Speech by the Finance Minister in February 2023.
• It seeks to set new standards for excellence and sustainability in horticulture.
• It will be executed by the National Horticulture Board in collaboration with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
• Components:
  • Clean Plant Centres (CPCs): For developing and providing clean planting materials.
• Nine state-of-the-art CPCs will be established across India for advanced diagnostics and virus-free planting material
  • Certification and Legal Framework: To ensure quality and compliance.
• Implementation of a robust certification system under the Seeds Act 1966 for accountability and traceability.
  • Enhanced Infrastructure: To support the program’s implementation.
• Support for large-scale nurseries to develop infrastructure for efficient multiplication of clean planting material.
• Benefits: It aims to enhance the quality and productivity of fruit crops in India.
  • Provides access to virus-free and high-quality planting materials.
  • Expected to improve crop yields and farmer incomes.
  • Strengthens India’s position as a global exporter, expanding market opportunities and increasing international trade share.
  • Supports Mission LiFE and One Health initiatives.

Overview of  Horticulture Sector in India

• It has emerged as a vital component of the agricultural economy, contributing significantly to the nation’s GDP and providing employment to millions.
• With diverse agro-climatic conditions, India is well-suited for the cultivation of a wide variety of horticultural crops, including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, and medicinal plants.
• The horticulture production in the country in 2023-24 (Second Advance Estimates) is estimated to be about 352.23 Million Tonnes, a decrease of about 32.51 Lakh Tonnes (0.91%) over 2022-23 (Final Estimates).
• Increase in production of Fruits, Honey, Flowers, Plantation Crops, Spices and Aromatics & Medicinal Plants is seen over 2023-24 (Final Estimates) whereas decrease in Vegetables.
• Global Leadership: India is a world leader in the production of several fruits including mango, banana, guava, papaya, sapota, pomegranate, lime, and aonla.
  • India is the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally.
  • Dominates in the production of spices, coconut, and cashew nut.

Importance 

• It provides raw materials for various industries, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, thereby generating substantial employment opportunities
• It plays a significant role in the Indian economy by ensuring nutritional security, providing rural employment, diversifying farm activities, and enhancing farmers’ income.
• The horticulture sector contributes about 28% to the agricultural GDP of India

Challenges

• Infrastructure: Inadequate cold storage and transportation facilities lead to significant post-harvest losses.
• Market Access: Farmers often face difficulties in accessing markets and getting fair prices for their produce.
• Climate Change: Erratic weather patterns and climate change pose a threat to horticultural production.

Government Initiatives

• Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH): It aims for the holistic development of horticulture by increasing area, production, and post-harvest infrastructure.
  • MIDH is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme implemented in States/UTs since 2014-15.
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): State governments’ horticulture development projects are also supported under RKVY.
• The launch of the National Horticulture Mission has significantly boosted production and productivity.
  • Focuses on the development of horticulture through technology promotion, extension, and post-harvest management
• Horticulture Cluster Development Programme: Launched to promote integrated and market-led development of horticulture clusters to enhance global competitiveness

Conclusion and Way Forward

• The horticulture sector in India holds immense potential for driving economic growth and improving livelihoods.
• With supportive government policies, technological innovations, and a focus on sustainable practices, the sector is poised for significant advancements in the coming years.
• There is a need for adoption of modern technologies such as precision farming, protected cultivation, and drip irrigation can enhance productivity and sustainability.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Indian decadal Census has been delayed by more than three years now despite several concerns having been raised about the consequences of not having a Census.

Why does the Census matter beyond mere numbers?

• Beyond Headcounts: The Census is not just about tallying heads; it encompasses a wide range of crucial information. It provides insights into locational patterns, familial structures, and individual characteristics.
  • Imagine it as a snapshot of our society—a comprehensive view that helps us understand the changing dynamics of our population.
• Reliability of Surveys: Large-scale surveys, such as the National Family Health Survey and the Periodic Labour Force Survey, rely on a Census frame that is now one and a half decades old.
  • Using outdated data affects the reliability and representativeness of these surveys. We need fresh information to make informed decisions about education, occupation, employment, health (including the impact of COVID-19), and livelihoods.
• Course Correction and Strategy: Over the past fifteen years, India has undergone significant transformations. These changes extend beyond population size and composition. We’ve witnessed shifts in education, employment patterns, and health outcomes.
  • Without a current Census, our strategies for development and welfare risk being misaligned. It’s like trying to navigate without a compass—possible, but not advisable.
• Political Echoes and Caste Census: There’s a universal echo for conducting a caste-based Census, often driven by political motives rather than genuine development planning.
  • However, this focus on caste alone misses the broader utility of a Census. It’s not just about politics; it’s about understanding our society comprehensively.

Importance of Census in India

• Understanding Demographics: The census provides a snapshot of India’s demographic structure. It tells us how many of us there are, where we live, our age groups, gender distribution, and more. It is crucial for policymakers, researchers, and social planners.
• Resource Allocation: Governments allocate resources based on population data. Whether it’s building schools, hospitals, or roads, decisions hinge on accurate population figures. It helps distribute funds fairly across states and regions.
  • For instance, if a state has a rapidly growing population, it needs more schools and healthcare facilities.
• Tracking Progress: Decade by decade, the census paints a canvas of India’s journey. One can see improvements in literacy rates, healthcare access, and gender ratios.
• Planning for the Future: By analysing trends from past censuses, demographers predict future population growth. It informs urban planning, infrastructure development, and environmental policies.
• Social Justice and Equity: The census ensures that marginalised communities aren’t left behind. It captures data on caste, religion, and other social parameters. It helps identify disparities and design affirmative action policies.
• Political Representation: The census plays a very important role in redrawing-of-constituency maps. It determines how many seats each state gets in the Lok Sabha. Accurate population data ensures fair representation.

Why is the Census Delaying?

• When it comes to the decennial Census—the grand national headcount that shapes our understanding of demographics, social structures, and resource allocation—time is of the essence.
• Unfortunately, we find ourselves in a situation where the Census, originally slated for 2021, remains in limbo due to delays.
• The Centre’s decision not to extend the deadline for freezing administrative boundaries beyond June 30, 2024, raised hopes that the Census operations would finally kick off in October 2024.
• The Budget for 2024-25 allocated a mere ₹1,309.46 crore for the Census—a significant reduction from the ₹3,768 crore allocated in 2021-22.
  • It hints that the Census might not happen anytime soon, even after considerable delay.

Does Delaying the Census Matter?

• Access to Welfare Schemes: Conducting the Census on a priority basis is non-negotiable. Since the last Census in 2011, our population has grown, and so have the needs of our citizens.
  • Access to government welfare schemes—ranging from healthcare to education to employment—is often tied to Census data. Without an updated Census, many remain excluded from these crucial benefits.
• Women’s Reservation Act: It aims to reserve 33% of seats in both Parliament and State Assemblies for women. However, its implementation hinges on accurate Census data. Until we count heads and households anew, this transformative legislation remains in a holding pattern.
• Economic Well-Being of Marginalised Communities: There’s a growing demand for a caste-based Census. Precisely understanding the economic well-being of marginalised communities requires granular data. Without it, targeted policies and affirmative action become shots in the dark.

Urgency

• Missing the 2021 Census cannot be justified, especially when we managed to hold a general election amidst uncertainties. The machinery required for a Census is comparable to that of an election.
  • Delaying it further seems more like avoidance than a logistical challenge.
• Demographic Transition and Dividend: India is experiencing rapid demographic changes. A population Census is essential to reveal these shifts, including familial structures, occupational distributions, and geographical patterns.
  • Without this data, monitoring the success of government programs becomes misleading.

Conclusion and Way Forward: What Needs to Happen?

• Budgetary Provisions: The 2025-26 Census Budget must be robust enough to accommodate the postponed 2021 Census. We need to allocate resources for house listing, housing census, and updating the National Population Register (NPR).
• Preliminary Preparations: Thankfully, groundwork has been underway. State and Union Territory Census Directorates have been prepping—updating maps, testing questionnaires, and training staff. Once the new Census date is fixed, they’re ready to roll. A quick refresher training is all they need.
• Digital Census: The future is digital. Collecting Census data via mobile apps streamlines the process. The ₹1,309.46 crore in the 2024-25 budget could fund essential preliminary activities, including finalising enumeration areas, refining questionnaires, and training core staff for the digital shift.
• The Census isn’t just about numbers or just a bureaucratic exercise; it’s about empowerment, equity, informed policymaking, and the pulse of our nation. Let’s prioritise it, come what may. Our nation’s well-being depends on it.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: The Government of India has completed and operationalized four major projects under the Namami Gange Mission 2.0 in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024-25.

About Projects

• Locations : The projects are located in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
  • Total cost of the projects is 920 crores.
    • Munger (Bihar): Develops a 175 km sewerage network and a 30 MLD STP (Sewage Treatment Plant).
    • Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh): Intercepts nine drains and rehabilitates six existing structures. Increases sewage treatment capacity to 31 MLD.
    • Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh): Includes a 1.3 km Interception and Diversion (I&D) network and a 21 MLD STP.
    • Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh): Intercepts and diverts 15 drains.
    • Constructs three STPs with a combined capacity of 63 MLD.
    • Aims to improve water quality in the Ramganga River and subsequently the Ganga.
  • These projects based on the Hybrid Annuity PPP (HAM) model have been designed on the basis of Advanced Sequencing Batch Reactor technology and meet the stringent standards prescribed by the National Green Tribunal NGT.

About the Namami Gange Mission

• It is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as ‘Flagship Programme’ by the Union Government in June 2014 with budget outlay of Rs.20,000 Crore to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution, conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
• With the success of the initial phase, the government has now embarked on Namami Gange Mission 2.0, a more ambitious and comprehensive effort to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of the river.

Objectives

• Pollution Abatement: It aims to intercept, divert, and treat wastewater from open drains through innovative technologies and sewage treatment plants (STPs).
  • Over 200 sewerage infrastructure projects have been sanctioned, with many already completed and operational.
• Riverfront Development: Enhancing the aesthetic and functional aspects of the riverfronts, including the construction and modernization of ghats and crematoria, to promote tourism and cultural activities.
• Biodiversity Conservation: Efforts are being made to restore and conserve the river’s biodiversity. This includes the development of aquatic species restoration plans and the establishment of rescue and rehabilitation centres for endangered species1.
• Public Awareness : Engaging local communities, urban local bodies, and Panchayati Raj Institutions in the mission to ensure sustainable results.
• Effluent Monitoring: Strict monitoring and regulation of industrial effluents to ensure that industries comply with environmental standards and do not pollute the river.

Challenges

• Funding Issues: Despite significant financial commitments, ensuring consistent and adequate funding for the various projects under the mission remains a challenge.
• Technological and Infrastructure Issues: the adoption and scaling up of advanced technologies for wastewater treatment and pollution control can be hindered by infrastructural limitations and the need for continuous maintenance.
• Community Engagement: Ensuring that local communities, urban local bodies, and Panchayati Raj Institutions remain actively engaged and take ownership of the initiatives is a persistent challenge.
• Industrial Pollution Control: Enforcing compliance with environmental standards among industries can be difficult, especially in regions with high industrial activity
• Environmental Concerns: Restoring and conserving the river’s biodiversity requires a delicate balance.

Suggestions and Way Forward

• Namami Gange Mission 2.0 represents a holistic approach to river rejuvenation, integrating environmental, social, and economic dimensions.
• By addressing the challenges and building on the achievements, the mission aims to restore the Ganga to its pristine glory, ensuring it remains a lifeline for millions of Indians for generations to come.
• Still there is a need for a multifaceted approach, combining technological innovation, community engagement, strict regulatory measures, and effective coordination among all stakeholders. By tackling these issues head-on, the Namami Gange Mission 2.0 can achieve its goal of rejuvenating the Ganga River and ensuring its sustainability for future generations.

General Studies Paper-3

Context: Recently, the Union Minister informed that India’s installed renewable energy capacity has increased by 165% over the past decade, rising from 76.38 Gigawatts (GW) in 2014 to 203.1 GW in 2024.

Key Facts

• Solar Power: Back in March 2014, Solar power generation was 2.82 GW, and it is around 85.47 GW of solar power in June 2024. That’s nearly 30 times the original capacity.
  • India achieved 4th position globally in RE (Renewable Energy) Installed Capacity.
• Wind Power: Wind turbines have been spinning their way to success too. It has surged from 21.04 GW to a breezy 46.66 GW in the same period.
  • India achieved 5th position globally in it.

Non-Fossil Fuel

• For the first time ever, India has surpassed the 200 GW mark from non-fossil fuel sources. It includes:
• 47 GW of solar power
• 93 GW of large hydro
• 66 GW of wind power
• 95 GW of biopower
• 00 GW of small hydropower

Budget and Tariff

• The budgetary allocation for the Ministry of Renewable Energy has doubled from Rs10,000 crores last year to more than Rs20,000 crores this year.
• Solar power tariffs have gone from Rs. 10.95 per unit in 2010-11 to a mere Rs. 2.60 in 2023-24.

Challenges Faced by the Renewable Energy Sector in India

• Financial Health of Power Distribution Companies (DISCOMs): The poor financial condition of power distribution companies (discoms), which are mostly owned by state governments.
  • Almost all renewable energy is purchased by such discoms, resulting in very long and unsustainable payment cycles.
• Land Utilisation and Availability: Issues such as lack of a proper Land Utilisation Policy, poorly maintained land records, land ceiling limits, and the task of obtaining permissions from local bodies act as roadblocks to the implementation of large-scale renewable energy projects.
• Rapid Demand Growth and Chronic Supply Shortages: India currently experiences a significant increase in energy demand driven by rapid economic growth, which necessitates a shift away from fossil fuels.
  • However, fossil fuels still dominate global energy consumption, continuing to raise GHG emission levels.

Government Efforts in India’s Renewable Energy Sector

• Permitting FDI: India has permitted FDI up to 100% under the automatic route to attract foreign investments.
• Waiver of Inter State Transmission System (ISTS) charges: For inter-state sale of solar and wind power for projects, ISTS charges have been waived off.
• Major Renewable Energy Schemes and Programmes:
  • Scheme for Development of Solar Parks and Ultra-mega Solar Power Projects;
  • Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU) Scheme Phase-II;
  • Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme ‘National Programme on High Efficiency Solar PV Modules’;
  • PM-KUSUM Scheme;
  • Rooftop Solar Programme Phase II;
  • Green Energy Corridors (GEC), and;
  • Bio-Energy Programme.
• Increasing Awareness: Efforts have been made by the Government to increase awareness about the use of renewable energy through introduction of various schemes and publicity through print and media.

Conclusion

• India’s record addition of renewable energy capacity in FY24 is a testament to the country’s commitment to a sustainable and green future.
• As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change, India’s strides in renewable energy offer a beacon of hope and a model for other countries to follow.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: The business summit of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) was organized by the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and the Ministry of External Affairs.

Background

• BIMSTEC has been negotiating a proposed Free Trade Agreement (FTA) since 2004, with 22 rounds of talks held so far including the last round that was held in 2018.
• The Union Minister of Commerce & Industry that BIMSTEC members should re-examine the priorities of member nations so that the delayed Free Trade Agreement can be finalized.
• In 2004, Bimstec concluded the Framework Agreement on the Bimstec Free Trade Area.
  • The Framework Agreement encouraged the establishment of effective trade and investment facilitation measures, including simplification of customs procedures and development of mutual recognition arrangements

What is BIMSTEC?

• BIMSTEC is a regional organization that was established in 1997 with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration.
• Permanent Secretariat: Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar and India.
• Significance: The BIMSTEC countries are home to 22 percent of the total world population and have a combined gross domestic product (GDP) of about $3.6 trillion.

India’s trade with BIMSTEC

• India’s total trade with BIMSTEC countries amounted to $44.32 billion in 2023-24.
• Thailand was India’s largest trading partner within the bloc, with exports worth $5.04 billion and imports at $9.91 billion, resulting in a trade gap of $4.87 billion.
• Bangladesh followed, with exports of $11.06 billion and imports of $1.84 billion, creating a trade balance of $9.22 billion in India’s favor.

What Is a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?

• A free trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them.
• Under a free trade policy, goods and services can be bought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions to inhibit their exchange.
• India has signed 13 Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs)/Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with various countries/regions namely, Japan, South Korea, countries of ASEAN region and countries of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Mauritius, United Arab Emirates and Australia.

Benefits of BIMSTEC free trade agreement

• Increased Trade Flows: An FTA would reduce tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and other restrictions on trade, thereby increasing the volume of goods and services exchanged among BIMSTEC countries.
• Economic Integration: The FTA could lead to deeper economic integration, fostering closer economic ties and enhancing regional stability.
• Market Access: Member states would gain access to each other’s markets, which could help smaller countries like Bhutan and Nepal integrate more effectively into the global economy.
• Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): A more integrated market with reduced trade barriers would be more attractive to foreign investors, potentially increasing FDI flows into the region.

Way Ahead

• The business community of the countries and the governments will have to work together to find new pathways, new ways of engaging, and alternative solutions that are more practical to build up the momentum towards an FTA
• Payments in local currencies within this region along with better integration of custom borders, computerisation of border controls, and faster clearance of documents for imports and exports can help to improve the situation.