General Studies Paper-1

Context: The Lok Sabha has passed the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024.

About

• The Bill amends the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
• The DM Act establishes:
  • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA),
  • State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA),
  • and the District Disaster Management Authority.
  • These authorities are responsible for disaster management at the national, state, and district level, respectively.

Key Highlights of the Bill

• Preparation of disaster management plans: The Bill provides that NDMA and SDMA will prepare disaster management plans, which was earlier prepared by the National a State Executive Committee.
• Functions of NDMA and SDMA: The Bill adds these functions:
  • Taking periodic stock of disaster risks, including emerging risks from extreme climate events,
  • Providing technical assistance to authorities below them,
  • Recommending guidelines for minimum standards of relief,
  • And preparing national and state disaster databases, respectively.
• The Bill also empowers NDMA to make regulations under the Act with prior approval of the central government.
• Disaster Database: The Bill mandates the creation of a comprehensive disaster database at both national and state levels.
• Urban Disaster Management Authorities: The Bill empowers the state government to constitute a separate Urban Disaster Management Authority for state capitals and cities with a municipal corporation.
• Formation of State Disaster Response Force: The Bill empowers the state government to constitute a State Disaster Response Force (SDRF). The state government will define the functions of SDRF and prescribe the terms of service for its members.
• Statutory status to existing committees: The Bill provides statutory status to existing bodies such as the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) and the High Level Committee (HLC).
  • The NCMC will function as the nodal body for dealing with major disasters with serious or national ramifications.
  • The HLC will provide financial assistance to state governments during disasters.
• Appointments to NDMA: The Bill empowers NDMA to specify the number and category of officers and employees, with previous approval of the central government. NDMA may also appoint experts and consultants as necessary.

Opposition Concerns:

• Several opposition members argued that the amendments could centralize power and undermine the autonomy of state governments.
• Some members also called for increased focus on early warning systems, prevention measures, and financial support for disaster-affected areas.

Conclusion

• Despite the opposition’s concerns, the Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha.
• It will now be sent to the Rajya Sabha for further consideration.

General Studies Paper -2

Context: The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the One Nation, One Election (ONOE) plan.

• Draft legislation will be introduced in the Parliament, potentially during the ongoing Winter Session.

What is One Nation, One Election?

• It means to synchronize elections for the Lok Sabha (Lower house of Parliament) and state legislative assemblies, essentially holding them all at the same time.
• It aims to:
  • Reduce the frequency of elections.
  • Streamline governance.
  • Minimize electoral expenditure and disruption.

Proposed Amendments to Articles

• 82A: To facilitate delimitation for synchronized elections.
• 83(2): To amend the tenure of Lok Sabha and assemblies.
• 327: To give Parliament the power to make provisions for simultaneous elections.
• New Article 324A: To empower the Election Commission to conduct synchronized elections.

Ram Nath Kovind Committee Recommendations

• The committee, chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind, made 11 key recommendations after extensive consensus-building efforts:
  • Reinstating Simultaneous Elections: Frequent elections disrupt the economy, polity, and society. Synchronizing elections will alleviate this burden.
  • Phased Implementation: Phase 1: Align Lok Sabha and state assembly elections.
  • Phase 2: Synchronize municipal and panchayat elections within 100 days of general elections.
  • Appointed Date for Synchronization: Post-general elections, the President to notify the date for the first Lok Sabha session as the “appointed date” to maintain alignment.
  • Shortened Terms for State Assemblies: Newly-formed state assemblies will have adjusted terms to synchronize with the next Lok Sabha elections.
  • Implementation Group: A dedicated group to oversee and ensure effective execution of ONOE reforms.
  • Constitutional Amendments: Introduce Article 324A to enable synchronized elections for panchayats and municipalities.
  • Amend Article 325 to establish a unified voter roll and photo ID system for all elections.
  • Handling Hung Houses: In case of a hung house or no-confidence motion, elections will be held, but the newly-elected Lok Sabha or state assembly will serve only the remaining term.
  • Election Equipment Readiness: The Election Commission of India (ECI) should ensure the procurement of adequate EVMs and VVPATs to manage synchronized elections efficiently.
  • Unified Voter Roll and ID System: A single voter roll and ID system for all elections, subject to constitutional amendments and state ratification.
  • Efficient Electoral Management: Advanced planning and robust infrastructure development to ensure smooth execution of simultaneous elections.
  • Continued Synchronization: All future elections will align with the Lok Sabha schedule unless dissolved earlier.

Need for ONOE

• Reduced Expenditure: Holding simultaneous elections could significantly reduce the financial burden on the exchequer and political parties.
• Streamlined Governance: Frequent elections disrupt governance as the Model Code of Conduct comes into effect, restricting policy announcements and development work. ONOE could provide more stability and continuity in governance.
• Improved Voter Turnout: A single election cycle might increase voter participation as it reduces voter fatigue and simplifies the electoral process.
• Reduced Disruption: Minimizes disruption to normal life and economic activity caused by frequent elections.
• Manage Security Concerns: A lot of Security forces are deployed on election time that can be efficiently used.

Key Challenges and Concerns

• Constitutional Amendments: Implementing ONOE requires significant amendments to the Constitution, which could be politically challenging.
• Federalism: Critics argue that ONOE could undermine India’s federal structure by centralizing electoral power and reducing the importance of state-level issues.
• Regional Diversity: India’s diverse political landscape and regional aspirations could be overshadowed by national issues in a synchronized election cycle.
• Logistical Complexity: Conducting simultaneous elections across a vast and diverse country like India poses significant logistical challenges for the Election Commission.

Way Forward

• Wider Consultations: Engage with all stakeholders, including political parties, states, and the public, to build consensus.
• Pilot Implementation: Test ONOE at smaller scales to identify challenges and refine the framework.

Infrastructure Development: Equip the ECI with resources, technology, and personnel for efficient execution.

General Studies Paper -2

Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the Jal Jeevan Mission’s role in empowering women, particularly in rural areas.

Role of JJM in Women Empowerment

• Time Savings: Women traditionally bear the responsibility of fetching water, often walking long distances. Jal Jeevan Mission frees up their time, allowing them to engage in other activities like education, skill development, or income generation.
  • A report by SBI shows:4 percentage point increase in women’s participation in productive activities.
• Health and Well-being: Access to clean water reduces the risk of waterborne diseases, improving the health of women and their families. This leads to increased productivity and overall well-being.
• Economic Opportunities: With more time and better health, women can participate more actively in the workforce, contributing to household income and economic growth. The SBI report highlighting increased female workforce participation in agriculture and other sectors is a testament to this.
• Education: Girls who previously had to miss school to fetch water can now attend regularly, leading to improved educational outcomes and better future prospects.
• Social Status: By reducing the burden of water collection, the Jal Jeevan Mission enhances the social standing of women and gives them a greater voice in their communities.

About Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

• Objective: It is a flagship program under the Ministry of Jal Shakti launched in August 2019 with an ambitious goal: to provide every rural household in India with a functional tap water connection by 2024.
• Goal: Develop “WASH enlightened villages” where local communities are equipped to provide long-term assured water supply and sanitation services to all residents.
• Progress and Achievements: Significant increase in tap water connections: From 3.23 crore (17%) households in 2019 to over 15.35 crore (79.31%) households in October 2024.
  • 100% Coverage in several states/UTs
• Key components: Water quality, source sustainability, greywater management – demonstrate a holistic approach to water management.

Conclusion

• The JJM reflects the government’s commitment to achieving holistic development aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation).

General Studies Paper -3

Context: Recently, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology informed the recent Lok Sabha session that India nearly doubled its nuclear power generation capacity from 2014 to in 2024.

About the Nuclear Power Generation in India

• Over the past decade, the country has nearly doubled its nuclear power capacity, growing from 4,780 MW in 2014 to currently operating 24 nuclear reactors with a combined capacity of 8,180 MW in 2024.
• The government has set an ambitious target to triple this capacity to 22,480 MW by 2031-32.
  • This expansion is driven by several key initiatives, including the approval of 10 new reactors, increased funding, and collaborations with Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and limited private sector participation.
• The above expansion is part of India’s broader goal to achieve a nuclear capacity of 1 lakh MW by 2047, aligning with the country’s commitment to a net-zero transition by 2070.

Key Developments and Initiatives

• Bulk Approval of Reactors: The government approved the construction of 10 new reactors, significantly boosting capacity.
• Increased Funding: Enhanced financial allocations have supported the expansion and modernization of nuclear facilities.
• Collaborations with PSUs: Partnerships with Public Sector Undertakings have facilitated the development and operational efficiency of nuclear plants.
• Private Sector Participation: Limited involvement of private entities has also contributed to the sector’s growth.

Technological Advancements

• India is focusing on indigenous technology development to enhance its nuclear power infrastructure. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is working on the Bharat Small Modular Reactor (BSMR) and the Bharat Small Reactor (BSR), designed for captive nuclear power generation.
• Additionally, the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is expected to achieve criticality soon, marking a significant step in India’s nuclear technology capabilities.
• Harnessing Thorium Reserves: India’s abundant thorium reserves, constituting 21% of the global total, present a significant opportunity.
  • Indigenous projects like ‘Bhavani’ are being developed to harness this resource, reducing dependence on imported uranium and other materials.

Applications Beyond Power Generation

• Agriculture: Development of 70 mutagenic crop varieties to enhance agricultural productivity.
• Healthcare: Introduction of advanced isotopes for cancer treatment.
• Defense: Use of atomic energy processes to develop cost-effective, lightweight bulletproof jackets.

Challenges and Way Ahead

• Despite the progress, India faces challenges in implementing nuclear power projects, such as land acquisition, forest clearances, and equipment procurement.
• The government is committed to addressing these issues through streamlined administrative processes and increased collaboration with various stakeholders.
• With a clear roadmap and strategic initiatives, India is poised to become a global leader in nuclear energy, contributing significantly to its energy mix and supporting its long-term environmental goals.

General Studies Paper -2

Context: The Prime Minister highlighted that National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 supports the vision of teaching young children in their mother tongue.

About

• The NEP 2020, with its emphasis on mother tongue education, is expected to bring about a paradigm shift in the Indian education system.
• It aims to create an environment where children can learn and grow in their native language, thereby fostering a deep understanding of their cultural roots.

Mother Tongue

• A mother tongue, also known as a native language, is the first language a person learns from birth.
• It is the language spoken in the family or community during a child’s early development, and it often reflects the culture, traditions, and social environment of that community.

Significance of Education in Mother Tongue

• Improved Comprehension and Learning: When children are taught in their mother tongue, they can understand and retain information more effectively.
• Cognitive Development: Learning in a familiar language supports cognitive skills, including problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity.
• Mother tongue education helps children develop strong language skills, which are crucial for both Stronger Communication Skills: oral and written communication.
• Cultural Identity and Preservation: It strengthens children’s connection to their community and identity, fostering a sense of pride and belonging.
• Emotional Well-being: It allows children to express themselves more freely and participate in social and academic activities.
• Social Inclusivity: It promotes equality by ensuring that all children, regardless of their background, can access education effectively.

Constitutional Provisions related to Promotion of Mother Tongue in India

• Article 29 (1) – Protection of Interests of Minorities: It ensures that any section of citizens, including linguistic minorities, have the right to conserve their language, script, and culture.
• Section 29(f) of Chapter V under Right to Education Act, 2009 clearly states that, medium of instructions shall, as far as practicable, be in child’s mother tongue.
• Article 30 (1) – Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions: It allows minorities, whether based on religion or language, the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
• Article 350A – Facilities for Instruction in Mother Tongue at the Primary Stage: This article directs that the state shall provide facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary level of education.
  • It emphasizes that, as far as possible, children should be taught in their mother tongue or regional language in the early stages of education.
• Article 350B – Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities: To safeguard and promote the interests of linguistic minorities, including the protection and development of their language and culture.

Government Initiatives to Promote Education in Mother Tongue:

• As per Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) 2020-21, there are 28 languages in which teaching learning is going on in grades (1-5).
• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: It provides, wherever possible, for medium of instruction to be in the home language/ mother tongue/ local language upto at least class 5 and preferably upto class 8.
  • It also provides for making available high quality text books in home language/ mother tongue and encouraging teachers to use bilingual approach while teaching.
• There are separate organisations for development and promotion of Hindi, Urdu, Sindhi and Sanskrit languages.
• All India Council for Technical education (AICTE) has issued guidelines permitting technical education institutions to offer their courses in local languages also. So far 19 institutions from 10 states have started offering such courses.
• AICTE has developed a tool called AICTE Automation Artificial Intelligence Tool to translate English language online courses into 11 Indian languages.
• DIKSHA Portal: Course material including text books and teaching resources for Grades 1-12 are available on DIKSHA portal of the Government in 33 Indian languages and Indian Sign language.
• JEE and NEET exams are conducted in 13 Indian languages.

Conclusion

• The emphasis on mother tongue education is not a new concept. Historically, several countries have adopted this approach to enhance the learning experience of young children.
  • For instance, in the early 20th century, the Soviet Union implemented a policy of nativization that promoted education in the mother tongue of various ethnic groups.
  • Similarly, in the 1950s, China introduced a policy to promote mother tongue education among its ethnic minorities.
• Embracing multilingualism is not merely an educational endeavour; it is a commitment to inclusivity and diversity.
• India’s education system can foster a generation of individuals who are not only academically proficient but also culturally enriched and globally competent.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: The Union Government informed the Supreme Court that it had written to state chief secretaries to follow the law laid down by the apex court in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India Case on the issue of internet shutdowns.

About

• India has collectively had more than 500 instances of Internet shutdowns.
• A total of 13 States and Union Territories imposed shutdowns in 2023, where seven of them disrupted Internet services five or more times.
• Shutdowns spanning over five days or more shot up from 15% of all shutdowns in 2022 to more than 41% in 2023.

Legal Provisions Relating to Internet Shutdown

• Grounds: Indian States and Union Territories can impose an internet shutdown only in case of a “public emergency” or in the interest of “public safety”, according to the Indian Telegraph Act.
  • However, the law does not define what qualifies as an emergency or safety issue.
• Till the year 2017, shutdowns were imposed largely under Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
  • Section 144 of CrPC gave the police and the District Magistrate the powers in order to prevent unlawful gathering of people and also to direct any person to abstain from a certain activity.
• However, in 2017 the law was amended and the Government promulgated the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rule 2017.
  • They include ensuring transparency, reviewing the shutdown after 48 hours, and giving citizens an opportunity to challenge the shutdown.

Arguments in Favour of Internet Shutdown by the Government

• National Security: The government suspends internet services as a temporary and targeted measure to prevent the spread of misinformation, coordinate unlawful activities, or address security threats.
• Temporary and Targeted Measures: The internet shutdowns are intended to be temporary and narrowly focused.
  • These measures are not meant to infringe on long-term access but rather to address specific and immediate concerns.
• Preventing Unrest and Violence: Suspending online communication helps prevent the organization of protests, riots, or other forms of civil unrest.
• Counteracting Fake News and Disinformation: During times of crisis or conflict, false information circulating online can exacerbate tensions and contribute to misinformation.

Arguments Against the Internet Shutdown by the Government

• Impact on Freedom of Expression: Internet shutdowns infringe upon the freedom of expression guaranteed by the Indian Constitution.
• Global Image and Investment: Frequent internet shutdowns impact India’s global image, raising concerns among investors and international partners.
• Human Rights Concerns: Internet shutdowns raise human rights concerns, including the right to access information, freedom of speech, and the right to peaceful assembly.
• Economic Disruptions: India has a rapidly growing digital economy, and internet shutdowns lead to significant economic losses.
• Educational Challenges: With the increasing use of online platforms for education, internet shutdowns severely affect students’ access to learning resources, online classes, and communication with teachers.
• Lack of Transparency: The government needs to provide clear justifications for such actions and communicate transparently about the duration and reasons for the shutdown.

Conclusion

• In a democracy, government is expected to provide a rationale for disrupting the internet services in a periodic manner.
• Indiscriminate shutdowns have high social and economic costs and are often ineffective.
• For better internet governance the Indian civil society needs to push for a transparent and accountable system.

General Studies Paper-2

Context: The recent remarks by the Allahabad High Court Judge against the Muslim community during a Vishwa Hindu Parishad event have sparked public outrage, underscoring the need for judicial accountability.

What is the Judicial Code of Conduct?

• The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life: This document adopted by the Supreme Court of India in 1997, lays down ethical standards and principles for judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
  • It aims to reinforce impartiality, integrity, and transparency in judicial conduct.
• The In-house Procedure: This mechanism provides for remedial action against judges who fail to uphold the accepted values of judicial life.
  • Under this, complaints against a judge can be addressed to the Chief Justice of India (CJI) or the respective High Court Chief Justice.

Judicial Ethics

• The judiciary derives its strength from two key pillars;
  • Public acceptance of judicial authority
  • Integrity and impartiality of judges.
• The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life sets forth the following principles;
  • Reaffirming Public Faith: Judges must conduct themselves in a manner that enhances public trust in the judiciary’s impartiality.
  • Public Gaze: Judges must remain conscious that their conduct is under public scrutiny at all times, demanding a higher standard of ethical behavior.
• Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, 2002 codifies global standards for judicial ethics. These principles emphasize;
  • Impartiality and Dignity
  • Freedom of Expression with Restraint
  • Respect for Diversity.

Mechanism for Removal of Judges

• The Constitution of India provides for the removal of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts under Article 124(4) and Article 217 on grounds of “proved misbehavior or incapacity.”
• The process involves;
  • Initiation of Impeachment: A motion for removal must be introduced in either House of Parliament, supported by a special majority (⅓rd of the total membership and ⅓rd of members present and voting).
  • Presidential Approval: After the motion is passed, the President of India issues an order for the removal of the judge.

In-House Procedure for Investigation

• To address judicial misconduct outside the formal impeachment process, the Supreme Court in 1999 adopted an “in-house procedure” for conducting investigations;
  • Filing Complaints: Complaints can be made to the CJI, High Court Chief Justice, or the President.
  • Preliminary Inquiry: The Chief Justice of the High Court seeks a response from the accused judge and forwards the findings to the CJI.
  • Fact-Finding Committee: If serious allegations arise, the CJI appoints a committee comprising two Chief Justices of other High Courts and one High Court judge to investigate.
  • Recommendations and Action: If the committee finds sufficient grounds for removal, the CJI may advise the judge to resign. If the judge refuses, the report is forwarded to the President and the Prime Minister for further action, paving the way for impeachment.

Importance of Judicial Ethics

• Erode Public Trust: Any deviation from impartiality weakens public confidence in the judiciary.
• Affect Judicial Independence: External influences or personal biases compromise the judiciary’s role as an independent arbiter.
• Undermine the Rule of Law: Unethical behavior impacts the fair application of laws and the delivery of justice.

Concluding remarks

• Judges hold a position of immense trust and responsibility, and adherence to ethical standards is paramount to uphold the rule of law and safeguard the credibility of the judiciary.
• By maintaining high standards of conduct, the judiciary can continue to be the guardian of constitutional values and the protector of justice in society.

General Studies Paper -3

Context: Recently launched PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY) that aims to boost the adoption of rooftop solar installations across India, requires refinement to fully realize its potential despite its promising start.

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY): Objectives and Implementation

• It is a transformative initiative launched to promote the adoption of solar energy in residential households.
• It aims to provide free electricity to households through the installation of rooftop solar panels.
• It has a substantial outlay of ₹75,021 crore and is set to be implemented until the fiscal year 2026-27.
• It targets the installation of 10 million small rooftop solar plants by March 2027, offering financial support ranging from ₹30,000 to ₹48,000 for capacities up to 3 kW.
• The implementation is overseen by a National Programme Implementation Agency (NPIA) at the national level, while State Implementation Agencies (SIAs) manage the execution at the state level.

Key Features

• Subsidy Structure: The scheme provides a subsidy of 60% of the solar unit cost for systems up to 2kW capacity and 40% for systems between 2 to 3kW capacity.
  • The subsidy is capped at 3kW capacity, translating to a maximum subsidy of ₹78,000.
• Eligibility: Applicants must be Indian citizens, own a house with a suitable roof for solar panel installation, have a valid electricity connection, and not have availed any other subsidy for solar panels.
• Application Process: Interested consumers must register on the National Portal by selecting their state and electricity distribution company.
  • The portal assists households by providing relevant information, such as system sizes, benefits calculators, and vendor ratings.
• Vendor Registration: Vendors can register with respective DISCOMs by submitting an application and a performance bank guarantee.
  • It ensures a streamlined process for consumers to choose from registered vendors.

Progress of PMSGMBY

• Rapid Installations: Since its launch, PMSGMBY has seen a remarkable uptake, with over 6.3 lakh installations completed within the first nine months.
  • It represents a ten-fold increase in monthly installations compared to the period before the scheme’s introduction.
• State-Level Success: States like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh have shown exceptional progress because of robust infrastructure and effective stakeholder collaboration.
• Simplified Processes: Most DISCOMs have waived technical feasibility approvals for systems under 10kW and digitized their processes, allowing applications to be filed in just five minutes on the National Portal for Rooftop Solar.
• Vendor and Workforce Development: Nearly 9,000 vendors have been activated, and capacity-building initiatives have trained 40,000 personnel to ensure high-quality installations and service delivery.
  • An additional 2 lakh technicians are expected to be trained over the next eight months.

Challenges and Refinement of PMSGMBY

• Infrastructure and Regulatory Barriers: Initial implementation faced challenges such as the need for DISCOMs to enhance power load capacities and reduce regulatory barriers.
  • These issues were addressed by waiving Technical Feasibility Reports (TFR) for systems up to 10kW and ensuring timely inspections and subsidy releases.
• Financial and Payment Security: The scheme has established a ₹100 crore corpus to manage payment security, but maintaining this fund and ensuring timely payments remains a challenge.
  • Technical and Operational Issues: Ensuring the availability of net meters and addressing technical issues related to rooftop installations are ongoing challenges.
  • Continuous training and support for DISCOM engineers and technicians are necessary to maintain the quality and efficiency of installations.
• Quality and Safety Concerns: With over 10,000 service providers operating without adequate oversight, there is a risk of substandard installations.
  • Establishing stringent quality and safety protocols is essential to ensure the long-term reliability and safety of rooftop solar systems.
• Regional Imbalance: Since its inception, the scheme has facilitated 638,352 installations, contributing nearly 2 GW of solar capacity.
  • However, the distribution of these installations is heavily skewed, with Gujarat and Maharashtra alone accounting for over 65% of the total.
  • Gaps in Registrations, Applications, and Actual Installations: Out of 14.5 million registrations, only 2.65 million applications have been submitted, and just 0.68 million installations have been completed.
  • It suggests inefficiencies in the implementation process that need to be addressed.
• Lack of Skilled Workforce: Currently, there is a shortage of trained professionals in this field. This gap could slow down the rollout of the scheme, as households and businesses may face delays in getting their solar panels installed and operational.
• Bureaucratic and Logistical Challenges: Navigating the application process, securing necessary approvals, and ensuring timely installation can be cumbersome for many consumers.
  • It can deter potential adopters and slow down the overall progress of the scheme.
• Consumer Awareness and Participation: Despite the progress, raising awareness and encouraging participation among a broader segment of the population is essential.
  • Many potential beneficiaries are still unaware of the scheme’s benefits and the simplified application process.

Conclusion and Way Forward

• The scheme’s original intent was to provide solar power to the ultra-poor, but the current implementation may not be effectively reaching this demographic.
• The average ticket size of installations is believed to be upwards of 3 kW, which may be unaffordable for the intended beneficiaries.
• Ensuring that subsidies and support are accessible to those in genuine need is crucial for the scheme’s success.
• By refining the implementation process, ensuring equitable distribution, establishing quality standards, and targeting the right beneficiaries, the scheme can significantly contribute to India’s renewable energy goals and provide sustainable energy solutions to millions of households.

General Studies Paper -2

Context: A recent case study titled ‘From Gridlock to Growth: How Leadership Enables India’s PRAGATI Ecosystem to Power Progress’ by Oxford and Gates Foundation highlighted PRAGATI’s role in transforming India’s governance landscape, underscoring the platform’s success in bridging gaps in governance and driving national development.

Essence of PRAGATI

• India’s Digital PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation) initiative is a multi-purpose and multi-modal platform aimed at addressing the common man’s grievances and simultaneously monitoring and reviewing important programs and projects of the Central Government as well as projects flagged by state governments.
• It leverages digital technology to enhance coordination, accountability, and efficiency in the execution of large-scale projects.
• It aims to enhance governance by integrating technology, fostering collaboration, and ensuring accountability by integrating three key aspects: digital data management, real-time tracking, and high-level coordination.

Key Features of PRAGATI

• Digital Data Management: PRAGATI uses a robust digital ecosystem to manage vast amounts of data related to various projects.
  • It ensures that all stakeholders have access to up-to-date information, facilitating better decision-making and transparency.
• Real-Time Tracking: One of the standout features of PRAGATI is its ability to provide real-time updates on the progress of projects.
  • It helps in identifying bottlenecks and addressing them promptly, ensuring that projects stay on track.
• High-Level Coordination: PRAGATI brings together officials from different departments and levels of government, fostering a collaborative approach to problem-solving.
  • This high-level coordination is crucial for the timely and effective implementation of projects.

Key Findings of Case Study

• Accelerated Project Implementation: PRAGATI has reviewed over 340 critical projects worth $205 billion (₹05 lakh crore), significantly expediting their implementation.
  • It includes the development of 50,000 kilometers of National Highways and doubling the number of airports, including the North Karanpura Thermal Power Plant.
• Enhanced Governance: PRAGATI integrates digital tools such as real-time data, video conferencing, and geo-spatial mapping to facilitate seamless collaboration between the Prime Minister’s Office, Central Ministries, and State Governments.
• This direct engagement ensures that issues are addressed in real time, fostering a culture of accountability and efficiency.
• Leadership from the Top: The Prime Minister’s active involvement (based on SWAGAT, a digital platform started by then Chief Minister Modi in Gujarat) has driven PRAGATI’s success, by directly reviewing progress, setting deadlines, and breaking bureaucratic bottlenecks.
  • The study emphasizes the importance of top leadership in using technology to drive cross-collaboration and regular accountability reviews that has created a culture of efficiency and trust in public infrastructure projects.
  • For instance, the Pakri-Barwadih Coal Mine in Jharkhand, delayed since 2006, saw swift progress after PM Modi’s intervention in 2016, leading to its completion in 2019.
• Collaboration Across States: PRAGATI has fostered collaboration across states, embodying the concept of ‘Team India’ – a unified approach to national development that transcends political divides.
• For the Ennore-Thiruvallur-Bengaluru Gas Pipeline, which faced land issues across three states, the Prime Minister urged creating a single implementing agency to resolve disputes.
• Economic and Social Impact: The platform has driven significant economic growth, with studies indicating that for every rupee spent on infrastructure, India gains 2.5 to 3.5 rupees in GDP.
  • Additionally, fast-tracked projects providing essential services like roads, railways, water, and electricity have improved the quality of life for millions.
• Sustainable Development: PRAGATI incorporates green technologies and streamlined environmental clearances, ensuring that India’s development remains sustainable and inclusive.
• Model for Global Governance: The study commends PRAGATI as a beacon of modern governance, urging other nations to learn from India’s innovative approach to project monitoring and resolution, and setting a standard that other emerging economies can emulate to overcome the Middle-Income Trap.

Concerns and Suggestions Highlighted in Study

• Project Delays: Many of the 340 projects reviewed were significantly delayed, ranging from three to twenty years overdue.
  • PRAGATI has been instrumental in reducing these delays from years to months.
• Accountability and Collaboration: The platform has driven accountability at the highest levels and fostered unprecedented federal and regional collaboration.
  • Ensuring seamless coordination among these entities can be challenging, leading to delays and inefficiencies.
  • Collaboration across government organisations is crucial in accelerating project completion and cutting through bureaucratic red tape.

Other Concerns

• Digital Governance: The platform integrates several key technologies and the success of PRAGATI heavily relies on these technologies.
  • Any technical glitches or lack of technological infrastructure, especially in remote areas, can hinder its effectiveness.
• Data Accuracy: PRAGATI platform depends on accurate and timely data for monitoring and decision-making. Inaccurate or outdated data can lead to poor decision-making and ineffective governance.
• Resistance to Change: Implementing new governance models often faces resistance from within the bureaucracy that can slow down the adoption of PRAGATI’s processes and tools.
• Resource Constraints: Adequate resources, both financial and human, are essential for the successful implementation of PRAGATI. Resource constraints can limit its reach and effectiveness.
• Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuous monitoring and evaluation are crucial for the success of PRAGATI. However, establishing robust monitoring mechanisms can be complex and resource-intensive.

Conclusion and Way Forward

• India’s digital PRAGATI is a shining example of how technology can be harnessed to improve governance and accelerate development. By fostering transparency, accountability, and efficiency, PRAGATI is paving the way for a more robust and resilient infrastructure landscape in India.
• Recent findings underscore PRAGATI’s role as a model of cooperative federalism and innovative governance, making it a valuable example for other developing countries aiming to enhance their infrastructure development strategies.

General Studies Paper -3

Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has clarified that its recent measures, such as allowing Vostro accounts and promoting trade in domestic currencies, are aimed at diversifying risk rather than pursuing outright ‘de-dollarisation’.

What is De-dollarization?

• It describes a process of moving away from the world’s reliance on the U.S. dollar (USD) as the chief reserve currency.
• It refers to shrinking the influence that the U.S. dollar has on the economies of other countries.

Historical Context

• The U.S. dollar has been the world’s primary reserve currency since the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944.
• It has provided the U.S. with significant economic advantages, including lower borrowing costs and greater influence over global financial systems.
• However, the dominance of the dollar has also led to concerns about its potential misuse as a tool of economic coercion.

Reasons For De-dollarisation

• Economic Sanctions: The imposition of US sanctions on countries like Russia and Iran has pushed them to seek alternatives to the US dollar to avoid economic isolation.
• Diversification of Risk: Nations are looking to reduce their dependence on the dollar to mitigate risks associated with fluctuations in US monetary policy.
• It helps them maintain greater control over their own economic policies.
• Strength of the Dollar: A strong US dollar can lead to higher costs for imports and debt repayments in other countries, exacerbating economic challenges.
• Geopolitical Shifts: The rise of other major economies, such as China, has led to increased use of their currencies in international trade.
  • For instance, Russia and China conduct a significant portion of their trade in their national currencies.
• BRICS Initiatives: The BRICS nations have discussed the possibility of a shared currency to facilitate trade among member countries and reduce reliance on the dollar.

Why Not De-dollarisation?

• Geopolitical Considerations: The rise of the Chinese yuan as a potential challenger to the US dollar complicates the de-dollarisation narrative.
  • India is cautious about increasing its reliance on the yuan, especially given the geopolitical tensions with China.
• Economic Stability: The US dollar remains the most stable and widely accepted currency for international trade.
  • A sudden shift away from the dollar could disrupt trade and economic stability. The RBI’s approach is to de-risk rather than destabilize the economy.
• BRICS Dynamics: The geographical and economic diversity among BRICS nations poses significant challenges.
  • Unlike the Eurozone, BRICS countries do not have the same level of economic integration or geographical proximity.
• US Trade Relations: Recent threats from US President-elect Donald Trump to impose tariffs on BRICS countries if they reduce dollar reliance underscore the potential economic repercussions of de-dollarisation.
  • Maintaining a balanced approach helps India avoid such punitive measures.

Strategic Measures By India: Hedging Against Dollar Reliance

• India’s economy is significantly integrated into the global financial system, where the US dollar dominates.
• It poses risks, especially during periods of dollar volatility or geopolitical tensions.
• Gold Purchases: The RBI has significantly increased its gold reserves, aligning with global trends among central banks to diversify away from a dollar-dominated system.

Local Currency Trade Agreements: By promoting transactions in domestic currencies and allowing Vostro accounts and entering local currency trade agreements, the RBI aims to reduce the risks associated with dollar dependence without completely abandoning it.