Aadhaar-Voter ID Linkage

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 2

There have been instances of block officers mandating the linking of Aadhar with Voter IDs after the Election Commission’s campaign to promote the linkage of Voter ID and Aadhaar.

Form 6B provides the format in which Aadhaar information may be submitted to the electoral registration officer

Why does the government want this?

• The EC conducts regular exercises to maintain an updated and accurate record of the voter base. 
• A part of this exercise is to weed out duplication of voters, such as migrant workers who may have been registered more than once on the electoral rolls.
• As per the government, linkage of Aadhaar with voter IDs will assist in ensuring that only one Voter ID is issued per citizen of India.

Is the linking of Aadhaar with one’s Voter ID mandatory?

• In December 2021, Parliament passed the Election Laws (Amendment) Act, 2021 to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1950, inter alia. 
• Section 23(4) was inserted in the Representation of the People Act, 1950. 
• It states that the electoral registration officer may “for the purpose of establishing the identity of any person” or “for the purposes of authentication of entries in electoral roll of more than one constituency or more than once in the same constituency” for citizens already enrolled, require them to furnish their Aadhaar numbers.
• To reflect this amendment, the government notified changes to the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960. 
• Rule 26B was added to provide that every person whose name is listed in the roll may intimate his Aadhar number to the registration officer. 
• Although, the use of discretionary language throughout the amendments have been accompanied by assurances by both the government and the EC that linkage of the Aadhaar with Voter ID is optional, this does not seem to be reflected in Form 6B issued under the new Rule 26B.

Why is the mandatory linking of Aadhaar to the Voter ID an issue?

• The preference to use Aadhaar for verification and authentication, both by the state and private sector, stems from two reasons. 
• First, at the end of 2021, 99.7% of the adult Indian population had an Aadhaar card. 
• This coverage exceeds that of any other officially valid document such as driver’s licence, ration cards, PAN cards etc that are mostly applied for specific purposes. 
• Second, since Aadhaar allows for biometric authentication, Aadhaar based authentication and verification is considered more reliable, quicker and cost efficient when compared to other IDs.

Puttaswamy Judgment

• In Puttaswamy, one of the questions that the Supreme Court explored was whether the mandatory linking of Aadhaar with bank accounts was constitutional or not. 
• The Court observed that the mandatory linking of Aadhaar with bank accounts was not only for new bank accounts but also existing ones, failing which the individual will not be able to operate their bank account. 
• The Court held that depriving a person of their right to property for non-linkage fell foul of the test of proportionality. 
• Even though the situation at hand is slightly different in that other means of verification and authentication are allowed if the person does not hold an Aadhaar, given the wide coverage of Aadhaar, the current design would in effect mandate Aadhaar linkage. 
• In this context, it needs to be considered whether requiring an Aadhaar holder to mandatorily provide Aadhaar for authentication or verification would not be considered violative of their informational autonomy (right to privacy) which would allow them to decide which official document they want to use for verification and authentication.
• Moreover, in Lal Babu Hussein (1995), the Supreme Court had held that the Right to vote cannot be disallowed by insisting only on four proofs of identity — voters can rely on any other proof of identity and obtain the right to vote.

What are the operational difficulties?

• First, the preference to Aadhaar for the purposes of determining voters is puzzling as Aadhaar is only a proof of residence and not a proof of citizenship. Therefore, verifying voter identity against this will only help in tackling duplication but will not remove voters who are not citizens of India from the electoral rolls.
• Second, the estimate of error rates in biometric based authentication differ widely. As per the Unique Identification Authority of India in 2018, Aadhaar based biometric authentication had a 12% error rate.
• Lastly, civil society has highlighted that linking of the two databases of electoral rolls and Aadhaar could lead to the linkage of Aadhaar’s “demographic” information with voter ID information, and lead to violation of the right to privacy and surveillance measures by the state. 

What is the way forward?

• It is important that the government clarifies through correction in Form 6B that the linking is not mandatory and expedites the enactment of a data protection legislation that allays concerns of unauthorised processing of personal data held by the government.