‘2+2’ Dialogue by India and Japan Focusing on Indo-Pacific

General Studies Paper-2

Context: In a significant diplomatic engagement, India and Japan recently conducted their third “2+2” dialogue, bringing together their foreign and defence ministers.

About the India-Japan 2+2 Dialogue (2024)

• It refers to a high-level meeting between the foreign affairs and defence ministers (or secretaries) of two countries.
• It’s a format that allows for comprehensive discussions on a wide range of issues, including defence cooperation, regional security, and strategic alignment.
• It emphasised defence cooperation and the significance of a free and open Indo-Pacific. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to a rules-based order in the region, especially in light of China’s assertiveness.
• The strategic partnership between India and Japan is closely tied to the Indo-Pacific. For India, this aligns naturally with its Act East policy.
• Both countries recognize the importance of a free and open Indo-Pacific region, where maritime security, trade, and connectivity play crucial roles.

Strategic Context

• The dialogue took place against the backdrop of a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. Both nations recognise the importance of this region, especially given China’s assertive military actions in the area.
• India and Japan share a “Special Strategic and Global Partnership.” This relationship is built on common values such as democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. Defence cooperation has emerged as a crucial pillar within this partnership.

Mutual Cooperation

• The India-Japan relationship has transformed into a special strategic and global partnership over the last decade. This evolution stems from expanding interests and collaborative efforts.

Recent Instances of the “2+2” Dialogue

• India-U.S. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue (2023): It was aimed to expand the global strategic partnership between India and the US, focusing on defence industrial ties, Indo-Pacific engagement, and cooperation in critical areas like high-technology and minerals.
• India-Australia 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue (2023): Discussions centred on enhancing defence cooperation and deepening the strategic relationship, particularly in critical sectors such as trade, investment, and access to critical minerals.

Significance of  “2+2” Dialogue

• Comprehensive Engagement: The “2+2” format allows for a holistic discussion that combines diplomatic and defence perspectives. It ensures that both ministries align their strategies and policies.
• Strategic Alignment: In an increasingly complex geopolitical landscape, countries seek reliable partners who share common interests. The dialogue helps strengthen strategic alignment and mutual understanding.
• Indo-Pacific Focus: Many of these dialogues emphasise the Indo-Pacific region—a critical area for global security and economic stability. Participants discuss maritime security, freedom of navigation, and regional stability.

Conclusion and Way Forward

• India stressed that the “2+2” dialogue should focus on the road ahead. Since their last meeting in Tokyo two years ago, global developments and changes in capabilities necessitate recalibrating their relationship.
• It echoed the sentiment, emphasising that the India-Japan partnership rests on democratic values and adherence to the rule of law.
• India and Japan continue to strengthen their bilateral ties, particularly in the context of regional security challenges. The Indo-Pacific remains a critical theatre for cooperation, and both nations are committed to maintaining a stable and open environment in the face of geopolitical complexities