Private Sector Involvement in India’s Nuclear Sector

General Studies Paper -3

Context: The Union government is considering allowing private sector participation to achieve 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047.

About

• Traditionally, nuclear power plants in India have been owned and operated only by state-owned Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) and its fully-owned subsidiary Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI).
• To allow private sector participation government has proposed amendments to key legislations;
• Atomic Energy Act, 1962, a framework for nuclear energy development and regulation.
• Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, ensuring compensation mechanisms for nuclear incidents.
• The government will enter into partnerships with the private sector with the motive of;
• Setting up Bharat Small Reactors,
• Research & development of Bharat Small Modular Reactor, and
• Research & development of newer technologies for nuclear energy.

Status of Nuclear power capacity in India

• The current installed nuclear power capacity in the country is 8,180 MW, spread across 24 nuclear power reactors.
• Capacity Expansion: 10 new reactors (totaling 8 GW) under construction across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Approval for a 6×1208 MW nuclear plant in Andhra Pradesh in collaboration with the USA.

Benefits of Private Sector Involvement

• Faster Capacity Expansion: Private investment will help bridge the financial gap needed for rapid nuclear power growth.
• Technological Advancement: Collaboration with private companies drive innovation and bring in global expertise.
• Cost Efficiency: Competitive bidding and private participation will help reduce project costs and delays.
• Energy Security: Increased nuclear power generation helps India reduce dependence on fossil fuels and meet clean energy goals.

Concerns to Private Sector Entry

• Regulatory Hurdles: Amendments to existing laws are required to enable private sector participation.
• High Capital Requirement: Nuclear power projects involve long gestation periods and large upfront investments, which deters private players.
• Liability Concerns: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act imposes high liability on operators, making private investment risky.
• Safety and Security: Nuclear energy requires strict safety protocols, and allowing private firms to operate reactors necessitates robust regulatory oversight.
• Public Perception: Concerns over nuclear safety, waste management, and radiation risks will face public resistance.

Government steps

• India had announced a Rs 20,000 crore R&D mission for development of small modular reactors (SMRs).
• India is also targeting the deployment of at least five of these indigenously developed reactors by 2033.
• NPCIL and National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) have signed a supplementary Joint Venture agreement to develop nuclear power facilities in the country.

Way Ahead

• Clear Regulatory Framework: Establish a robust regulatory environment to ensure safety, compliance, and transparency, addressing concerns about accountability and national security.
• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Promote partnerships where the government maintains oversight, while private players handle operations, innovation, and investment, ensuring a balance of interests.
• Gradual Implementation: Start with pilot projects and small-scale initiatives to test private sector involvement, ensuring risk management before large-scale implementation.