Syllabus: General Studies Paper 2

The Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 25, 2022.  The Bill seeks to amend the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957 passed by Parliament.  The Act was amended in 2011 by Delhi Legislative Assembly to trifurcate the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Delhi into: 

• North Delhi Municipal Corporation 

• South Delhi Municipal Corporation

• East Delhi Municipal Corporation.  

The Bill seeks to unify the three corporations.

• Unification of Municipal Corporations in Delhi:  The Bill replaces the three municipal corporations under the Act with one Corporation named the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
• Powers of the Delhi government: The Act as amended in 2011 empowers the Delhi government to decide various matters under the Act.  These include: 

• Total number of seats of councillors and number of seats reserved for members of the Scheduled Castes.
• Division of the area of corporations into zones and wards 
• Delimitation of wards.
• Matters such as salary and allowances, and leave of absence of the Commissioner.
• Sanctioning of consolidation of loans by a corporation.
• Sanctioning suits for compensation against the Commissioner for loss or waste or misapplication of Municipal Fund or property.  

Similarly, the Act mandates that the Commissioner will exercise his powers regarding building regulations under the general superintendence and directions of Delhi government.The Bill instead empowers the central government to decide these matters.

• Number of councillors: The Act provides that the number of seats in the three corporations taken together should not be more than 272.  The 14th Schedule to the Act specifies 272 wards across the three Corporations.  The Bill states that the total number of seats in the new Corporation should not be more than 250.
• Removal of Director of Local Bodies: The Act provides for a Director of Local Bodies to assist the Delhi government and discharge certain functions which include: 

1. Coordinating between Corporations
2. Framing recruitment Rules for various posts
3. Coordinating the collecting and sharing of toll tax collected by the respective Corporations. 
4. The Bill omits the provision for a Director of Local Bodies. 

• Special officer to be appointed by the central government: The Bill provides that the central government may appoint a Special Officer to exercise powers of the Corporation until the first meeting of the Corporation is held after the commencement of the Bill.  
• E-governance system for citizens: The Bill adds that obligatory functions of the new Corporation will include establishing an e-governance system for citizen services on anytime-anywhere basis for better, accountable, and transparent administration.   
• Conditions of service for sweepers: The Act provides that a sweeper employed for doing house scavenging of a building would be required to give a reasonable cause or a 14 day notice before discontinuing his service.   The Bill seeks to omit this provision.
• Transfer of power and property: All properties, movable and immovable, of or belonging to the erstwhile corporations shall vest in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
• All the rights and liabilities of the erstwhile corporations shall be transferred to and be the rights and liabilities of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.

What is Municipal Corporation?

About:

• Municipal Corporations are local level governments in India. It’s also called as Mahanagar Palika, Nagar Palika, Nagar Nigam, City Corporation, etc. 
• The Municipal Corporation is responsible for the development of any Metropolitan City having a population of more than one million people. 
• The 74th Amendment Act established the types of urban local government formations and operations. 

Constitutional Provisions:

• In the Constitution of India, no provision was made for the establishment of local self-government, except the incorporation of Article 40 in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
• The 74th Amendment Act, 1992 has inserted a new Part IX-A into the Constitution which deals with the administration of Municipalities and Nagar Palikas.
• It consists of Article 243P to 243ZG. It also added a new twelfth schedule to the Constitution. The 12th schedule consists of 18 items.

Composition

• Based on the population of that particular city, the city or Municipal Area is divided into certain wards. 
• A representative is chosen for each ward by the people in that ward. A chosen representative of a particular ward is called as councilor or corporator. Corporators are elected for a period of five years.

Elections of MC

• The elections to the Municipal Corporations are conducted under the guidance, direction, superintendence and control of the State Election Commission. 

The Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 25, 2022.  The Bill seeks to amend the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957 passed by Parliament.  The Act was amended in 2011 by Delhi Legislative Assembly to trifurcate the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Delhi into: 

• North Delhi Municipal Corporation 

• South Delhi Municipal Corporation

• East Delhi Municipal Corporation.  

The Bill seeks to unify the three corporations.

• Unification of Municipal Corporations in Delhi:  The Bill replaces the three municipal corporations under the Act with one Corporation named the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
• Powers of the Delhi government: The Act as amended in 2011 empowers the Delhi government to decide various matters under the Act.  These include: 

• Total number of seats of councillors and number of seats reserved for members of the Scheduled Castes.
• Division of the area of corporations into zones and wards 
• Delimitation of wards.
• Matters such as salary and allowances, and leave of absence of the Commissioner.
• Sanctioning of consolidation of loans by a corporation.
• Sanctioning suits for compensation against the Commissioner for loss or waste or misapplication of Municipal Fund or property.  

Similarly, the Act mandates that the Commissioner will exercise his powers regarding building regulations under the general superintendence and directions of Delhi government.The Bill instead empowers the central government to decide these matters.

• Number of councillors: The Act provides that the number of seats in the three corporations taken together should not be more than 272.  The 14th Schedule to the Act specifies 272 wards across the three Corporations.  The Bill states that the total number of seats in the new Corporation should not be more than 250.
• Removal of Director of Local Bodies: The Act provides for a Director of Local Bodies to assist the Delhi government and discharge certain functions which include: 

1. Coordinating between Corporations
2. Framing recruitment Rules for various posts
3. Coordinating the collecting and sharing of toll tax collected by the respective Corporations. 
4. The Bill omits the provision for a Director of Local Bodies. 

• Special officer to be appointed by the central government: The Bill provides that the central government may appoint a Special Officer to exercise powers of the Corporation until the first meeting of the Corporation is held after the commencement of the Bill.  
• E-governance system for citizens: The Bill adds that obligatory functions of the new Corporation will include establishing an e-governance system for citizen services on anytime-anywhere basis for better, accountable, and transparent administration.   
• Conditions of service for sweepers: The Act provides that a sweeper employed for doing house scavenging of a building would be required to give a reasonable cause or a 14 day notice before discontinuing his service.   The Bill seeks to omit this provision.
• Transfer of power and property: All properties, movable and immovable, of or belonging to the erstwhile corporations shall vest in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
• All the rights and liabilities of the erstwhile corporations shall be transferred to and be the rights and liabilities of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi.

What is Municipal Corporation?

About:

• Municipal Corporations are local level governments in India. It’s also called as Mahanagar Palika, Nagar Palika, Nagar Nigam, City Corporation, etc. 
• The Municipal Corporation is responsible for the development of any Metropolitan City having a population of more than one million people. 
• The 74th Amendment Act established the types of urban local government formations and operations. 

Constitutional Provisions:

• In the Constitution of India, no provision was made for the establishment of local self-government, except the incorporation of Article 40 in the Directive Principles of State Policy.
• The 74th Amendment Act, 1992 has inserted a new Part IX-A into the Constitution which deals with the administration of Municipalities and Nagar Palikas.
• It consists of Article 243P to 243ZG. It also added a new twelfth schedule to the Constitution. The 12th schedule consists of 18 items.

Composition

• Based on the population of that particular city, the city or Municipal Area is divided into certain wards. 
• A representative is chosen for each ward by the people in that ward. A chosen representative of a particular ward is called as councilor or corporator. Corporators are elected for a period of five years.

Elections of MC

• The elections to the Municipal Corporations are conducted under the guidance, direction, superintendence and control of the State Election Commission. 

• Mills are procuring raw jute at prices higher than what they are selling them at after processing. A September 30, 2021, notification mandated that no entity would be allowed to purchase or sell raw jute at a price exceeding ₹6,500 per quintal.

• The cyclone Amphan in May 2020 and the subsequent rains in major jute producing States aggravated the crisis.
• Bangladesh provides cash subsidies for varied semi-finished and finished jute products. Hence, the competitiveness emerges as a challenge for India to explore export options in order to compensate for the domestic scenario

What is the problem? 

• Mills are procuring raw jute at prices higher than what they are selling them at after processing. 
• Mills do not acquire their raw material directly from the farmers, but instead through intermediaries. 
• As a standard practice, the middlemen charge mills for their services, which involves procuring jute from farmers, grading, bailing and then bringing the bales to the mills. 
• The government has a fixed Minimum Support Price (MSP) for raw jute procurement from farmers, which is ₹ 4,750 per quintal for the 2022-23 season.
• This reached his mill at ₹ 7,200 per quintal, that is, ₹ 700 more than the ₹6,500 per quintal cap for the final product. 
• Though the Union government has come up with several schemes to prevent de-hoarding, the executive believes the mechanism requires a certain “systematic regulation”. 

What happened to supply? 

• The situation particularly worrisome recently was the occurrence of Cyclone Amphan in May 2020 and the subsequent rains in major jute producing States. 
• These events led to lower acreage, which in turn led to lower production and yield compared to previous years. 
• Additionally, as the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) stated in its report, this led to production of a lower quality of jute fibre in 2020-21 as water-logging in large fields resulted in farmers harvesting the crop prematurely.
• Acreage issues were accompanied by hoarding at all levels – right from the farmers to the traders. 

Where is jute used? 

• Bulk of the final jute produced is used for packaging purposes. 
• The provisions of the Jute Packaging Material (Compulsory use in Packing Commodities) Act, 1987 or the JPM Act mandate that 100% production of foodgrains and 20% sugar production must be packaged in jute bags. 
• The share of jute used for sacks, therefore, increased from 67.9% for the 2010-11 to 78.3% in 2020-21. 
• On the other hand, jute used for manufacturing other products (such as furnishing materials, fashion accessories, floor coverings or varied applications in paper and textile industries) has declined from 15.5% to 9.7% during the same period. 
• As per the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), India is the largest producer of jute followed by Bangladesh and China. However, in terms of acreage and trade, Bangladesh takes the lead accounting for three-fourth of the global jute exports in comparison to India’s 7%. 
• This can be attributed to the fact that India lags behind Bangladesh in producing superior quality jute fibre due to 
• Infrastructural constraints related to retting, 
• Farm mechanisation, 
• Lack of availability of certified seeds and varieties suitable for the country’s agro-climate. 
• The increased availability of synthetic substitutes is further bothering the demand for jute domestically. 
• Further, as the CACP report stated, Bangladesh provides cash subsidies for varied semi-finished and finished jute products. Hence, the competitiveness emerges as a challenge for India to explore export options in order to compensate for the domestic scenario. 

What is at stake? 

As the jute sector provides direct employment to 3.70 lakh workers in the country and supports the livelihood of around 40 lakh farm families, closure of the mills is a direct blow to workers and indirectly, to the farmers whose production is used in the mills. West Bengal, Bihar and Assam account for almost 99% of India’s total production.

Climatic Conditions for Jute Cultivation

For jute cultivation, a warm and humid climate, plenty of rainfall, and well-drained, loamy soils are required. The interesting thing about the growth of jute is that fertilizers and pesticides are hardly needed.

• For good cultivation, temperatures ranging from 25-30 °C and relative humidity of 70 percent-90 percent are favourable.
• For jute cultivation, river basins or alluvial or loamy soils are best.
• Jute cultivation in red soils which includes a greater dose of manure, and it is best for cultivation in the PH range between 4.8-5.8.
• Known as the ‘golden fibre’ jute is one of the longest and most used natural fibre for various textile applications.
• Retting of Jute is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are immersed in water by which fibres get loosened and separated from the woody stalk.
• World’s leading jute producing countries are India , Bangladesh , China and Thailand . India is the world’s largest producer of raw jute and jute goods , contributing to over 50% and 40% respectively of global production.
• The cultivation of jute in India is mainly confined to the eastern region of the country . The jute crop is grown in seven states – West Bengal , Assam , Odissa , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Tripura and Meghalaya . West Bengal alone accounts for over 50% of the total raw jute production.
• To promote and popularize jute diversification work, National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles, acts as the apex body for promotion of the products in India and abroad.
• The first jute mill was established at Rishra (Bengal – now in West Bengal), on the river Hooghly near Calcutta in the year 1855, by Mr. George Aclend. In 1959, the first power driven weaving factory was set up.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 3

• Mills are procuring raw jute at prices higher than what they are selling them at after processing. A September 30, 2021, notification mandated that no entity would be allowed to purchase or sell raw jute at a price exceeding ₹6,500 per quintal.

• The cyclone Amphan in May 2020 and the subsequent rains in major jute producing States aggravated the crisis.
• Bangladesh provides cash subsidies for varied semi-finished and finished jute products. Hence, the competitiveness emerges as a challenge for India to explore export options in order to compensate for the domestic scenario

What is the problem? 

• Mills are procuring raw jute at prices higher than what they are selling them at after processing. 
• Mills do not acquire their raw material directly from the farmers, but instead through intermediaries. 
• As a standard practice, the middlemen charge mills for their services, which involves procuring jute from farmers, grading, bailing and then bringing the bales to the mills. 
• The government has a fixed Minimum Support Price (MSP) for raw jute procurement from farmers, which is ₹ 4,750 per quintal for the 2022-23 season.
• This reached his mill at ₹ 7,200 per quintal, that is, ₹ 700 more than the ₹6,500 per quintal cap for the final product. 
• Though the Union government has come up with several schemes to prevent de-hoarding, the executive believes the mechanism requires a certain “systematic regulation”. 

What happened to supply? 

• The situation particularly worrisome recently was the occurrence of Cyclone Amphan in May 2020 and the subsequent rains in major jute producing States. 
• These events led to lower acreage, which in turn led to lower production and yield compared to previous years. 
• Additionally, as the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) stated in its report, this led to production of a lower quality of jute fibre in 2020-21 as water-logging in large fields resulted in farmers harvesting the crop prematurely.
• Acreage issues were accompanied by hoarding at all levels – right from the farmers to the traders. 

Where is jute used? 

• Bulk of the final jute produced is used for packaging purposes. 
• The provisions of the Jute Packaging Material (Compulsory use in Packing Commodities) Act, 1987 or the JPM Act mandate that 100% production of foodgrains and 20% sugar production must be packaged in jute bags. 
• The share of jute used for sacks, therefore, increased from 67.9% for the 2010-11 to 78.3% in 2020-21. 
• On the other hand, jute used for manufacturing other products (such as furnishing materials, fashion accessories, floor coverings or varied applications in paper and textile industries) has declined from 15.5% to 9.7% during the same period. 
• As per the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), India is the largest producer of jute followed by Bangladesh and China. However, in terms of acreage and trade, Bangladesh takes the lead accounting for three-fourth of the global jute exports in comparison to India’s 7%. 
• This can be attributed to the fact that India lags behind Bangladesh in producing superior quality jute fibre due to 
• Infrastructural constraints related to retting, 
• Farm mechanisation, 
• Lack of availability of certified seeds and varieties suitable for the country’s agro-climate. 
• The increased availability of synthetic substitutes is further bothering the demand for jute domestically. 
• Further, as the CACP report stated, Bangladesh provides cash subsidies for varied semi-finished and finished jute products. Hence, the competitiveness emerges as a challenge for India to explore export options in order to compensate for the domestic scenario. 

What is at stake? 

As the jute sector provides direct employment to 3.70 lakh workers in the country and supports the livelihood of around 40 lakh farm families, closure of the mills is a direct blow to workers and indirectly, to the farmers whose production is used in the mills. West Bengal, Bihar and Assam account for almost 99% of India’s total production.

Climatic Conditions for Jute Cultivation

For jute cultivation, a warm and humid climate, plenty of rainfall, and well-drained, loamy soils are required. The interesting thing about the growth of jute is that fertilizers and pesticides are hardly needed.

• For good cultivation, temperatures ranging from 25-30 °C and relative humidity of 70 percent-90 percent are favourable.
• For jute cultivation, river basins or alluvial or loamy soils are best.
• Jute cultivation in red soils which includes a greater dose of manure, and it is best for cultivation in the PH range between 4.8-5.8.
• Known as the ‘golden fibre’ jute is one of the longest and most used natural fibre for various textile applications.
• Retting of Jute is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are immersed in water by which fibres get loosened and separated from the woody stalk.
• World’s leading jute producing countries are India , Bangladesh , China and Thailand . India is the world’s largest producer of raw jute and jute goods , contributing to over 50% and 40% respectively of global production.
• The cultivation of jute in India is mainly confined to the eastern region of the country . The jute crop is grown in seven states – West Bengal , Assam , Odissa , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Tripura and Meghalaya . West Bengal alone accounts for over 50% of the total raw jute production.
• To promote and popularize jute diversification work, National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles, acts as the apex body for promotion of the products in India and abroad.
• The first jute mill was established at Rishra (Bengal – now in West Bengal), on the river Hooghly near Calcutta in the year 1855, by Mr. George Aclend. In 1959, the first power driven weaving factory was set up.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 3

Context

• The Government of India has announced that it is currently proposals for setting up electronic chip and display manufacturing units with a total investment of ₹1.53 lakh crore.

About the Programme

• In order to widen and deepen electronic manufacturing and ensure development of a robust and sustainable Semiconductor and Display ecosystem in the country, the Union Cabinet had approved the Semicon India Programme in December last year.
• The initiative will position the country as a global hub for electronic system design and manufacturing.
• Through the program’s scope, the government hopes to attract large global chip makers to make India their production base. India wants to achieve technological leadership in these areas of strategic importance – also key to the security of the country’s critical information infrastructure.
• The programme has been approved with an outlay of 76 thousand crore rupees.

Implementation

• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) has been set up as a dedicated institution for the Semicon India Programme.
• ISM will coordinate with the applicant companies who have also reached out to states to provide access to world class infrastructure.
• It will work closely with the state governments to establish high-tech clusters with 300 to 500 acres of developed land, 100 Kilo Volt Ampere Power, 50 Million Litre Per Day  Water, availability of natural gases and common facility centres for testing and certification.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 3

Context

• India is in the midst of a lengthy period of heatwaves, with overwhelming evidence that a large chunk of it is related to human-caused climate change.
• If carbon emissions continue unabated, half of the world will be under severe drought by the end of the century.
• There has already been a threefold increase in severe precipitation occurrences in India, with rainfall decreasing in North India and increasing in South India.
• Pollution from biomass burning, along with carbon dioxide emissions, resulted in 1.5 million fatalities in India per year. By giving clean cooking fuel to rural households in the Indo-Gangetic plains, India might decrease pollution in half.
• To mitigate climate change, societal transformation, carbon dioxide emission reductions, and adaptation were all required.

What exactly are Heat Waves?

• A heat wave is defined by the World Meteorological Organizationas five or more consecutive days of sustained heat in which the daily maximum temperature is 5 °C (9 °F) or higher than the average maximum temperature. Some countries, however, have developed their own criteria for defining a heat wave.
• Heatwaves occur when high pressure aloft (3,000–7,600 metres) increases and persists over an area for many days to several weeks.
• This is typical in the summer (both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres) since the jet stream ‘follows the sun.’
• The high-pressure region is located on the equator side of the jet stream, in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
• Weather patterns vary more slowly in the summer than in the winter. As a result, this upper-level high pressure is moving slowly as well.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 3

Context

• The Airports Authority of India has successfully conducted the light trial using the GAGAN-based Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV) Approach Procedures at Rajasthan’s Kishangarh Airport.
• The successful trial is a great achievement and major milestone in the field of Air Navigation Services (ANS) in the history of the Indian Civil Aviation Sector. India is the first country in the Asia Pacific Region to achieve such a landmark.
• The LPV permits aircraft guided approaches that are operationally nearly equivalent to Cat-IILS, without the need for ground-based navigational infrastructure. The service relies on the availability of GPS and GAGAN Geo Stationary Satellites, launched by ISRO.
• The tests, at Kishangarh Airport, were performed as part of initial GAGAN LPV flight trials. After the final approval by DGCA, the procedure will be available for the usage of commercial flights.

About GAGAN

• GAGAN is an Indian Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) launched by the Indian government in 2015. GAGAN stands for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation.

• SBAS is a wide area augmentation system that provides augmented accuracy and integrity to a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) navigation signal such as GPS. 

• GAGAN is implemented to provide required accuracy, continuity, availability, and integrity to enable users/aircrafts to rely on GPS for all phases of flight.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 2

Context

• The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare conducted an awareness programme about the Soil Health Management (SHM) scheme.

About the scheme

• The Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme is promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare to provide information to farmers on nutrient status of their soil along with recommendations on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil health and its fertility.
• Launched in 2015, it is being implemented through the Department of Agriculture of all the State and Union Territory Governments. 

Constituents of a Soil Health Card

• SHC is a printed report that a farmer will be handed over for each of his holdings.
• It will contain the status of his soil with respect to 12 parameters, namely N, P, K (Macronutrients); S (Secondary- nutrient); Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Bo (Micronutrients); and pH, EC, OC (Physical parameters).
• SHC will be made available once in a cycle of 3 years, which will indicate the status of soil health of a farmer’s holding for that particular period.

• The SHC will also indicate fertilizer recommendations and soil amendment required for the farm.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 3

Context

• With urea and fertilizer prices shooting up in the aftermath of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Union Cabinet has approved an enhancement in subsidies on non-urea fertilizers for the upcoming Kharif crop, to ₹60,939 crore.
• While the government fixes the retail price of urea and subsidises producers based on the difference between costs and the fixed selling price, it pays a subsidy to non-urea fertilizer makers on the basis of nutrient-based rates.
• The subsidy will be ₹2,501 per bag on Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), instead of the existing subsidy of ₹1,650 per bag, which is a 50% increase over last year’s subsidy rates. The increase in the prices of DAP and its raw material is in the range of about 80%.
• Prices of phosphoric acid and rock phosphate, key ingredients in such fertilisers have increased by 92% and 99%, respectively, over the 12-month period till March 2022, rating agency Crisil pointed out recently, warning that the country’s fertiliser subsidy bill in 2022-23 could hit a record high of ₹1.65 lakh crore to ₹1.9 lakh crore.

Background

• Fertilizers are crucial productivity augmenting inputs. To meet the challenge of rising demand for food, feed, and fibre with limited land and water resources, it is imperative to augment land productivity and one way to do this is to make fertilisers easily accessible to farmers.
• With this end in view, the fertiliser sector in the country is subsidised.

Syllabus: General Studies Paper 3

Context

• The Green Hydrogen Policy of India, which was issued on February 17, 2022, addressed various major obstacles such as open access, waiver of interstate transmission charges, banking, timebound clearances, and so on, and is intended to significantly accelerate India’s energy transformation.

Current Situation

• India’s per capita energy consumption is around one-third that of the global average and one-twelfth that of the United States. Growing economic prosperity and growth will dramatically raise India’s energy demand, increasing import dependency.
• The hydrogen fuel of the future is being hailed as India’s ticket to energy independence.
• Hydrogen has a varied role to play in the future energy environment, whether it is used for-
  • Energy storage,
  • Long-distance transportation, or
  • Industrial decarbonization.

Significance of Hydrogen:

• Hydrogen has a significant role to play in decarbonizing India’s transportation industry.
•  The advantages of fuel cell vehicles over battery electric vehicles include faster fuelling and a longer driving range, making them perfect for long-distance transportation, which is a key limitation with LiIon batteries.
•  In the industrial sector, hydrogen has the potential to decarbonize ‘hard-to-abate’ industries such as iron and steel, aluminium, copper, and so on. Producing fuels such as methanol, synthetic kerosene, and green ammonia is a significant opportunity.
• According to The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India will require a total capacity of 192 GW to 224 GW of electrolysers by 2050, assuming that all of it is green hydrogen. In 2021, the global capacity of electrolysers will have just surpassed 300 MW. This means that by 2050, India would require an electrolyser capacity that is 640 to 750 times more than the current world capacity.