Planetary Boundaries

September 17, 2023

A recent study alarmed that six of nine planetary boundaries have been breached by the world because of human activities.
The planetary boundaries concept presents a set of 9 planetary boundaries within which humanity can continue to develop and thrive for generations to come.
It was first proposed by former centre director Johan Rockström and a group of 28 internationally renowned scientists in 2009.
The nine planetary boundaries identified are:

Climate change
Change in biosphere integrity (biodiversity loss and species extinction)
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Ocean acidification
Biogeochemical flows (phosphorus and nitrogen cycles)
Land-system change (for example deforestation)
Freshwater use
Atmospheric aerosol loading (microscopic particles in the atmosphere that affect climate and living organisms)
Introduction of novel entities

Net Primary Production (NPP) is equal to the difference between the amount of carbon produced through photosynthesis and the amount of energy that is used for respiration.