Gulf of Tonkin

February 28, 2025

Vietnam’s foreign ministry published a new map outlining its baseline claim in the Gulf of Tonkin, asserting sovereignty, rights, and jurisdiction. This move follows China’s unilateral publication of a new maritime baseline in March 2023, which led to diplomatic protests from Vietnam.
Geographical Features:
The Gulf of Tonkin, also known as Vịnh Bắc Bộ in Vietnamese, is a northwest arm of the South China Sea.
Bordered by China, Hainan Island, and northern Vietnam, and receives the Red River.
Key ports include Ben Thuy and Haiphong in Vietnam, and Beihai in China.
Historical & Diplomatic Context:
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident of 1964 was a catalyst for the Vietnam War, leading to direct American military intervention.
In 2000, Vietnam and China signed the Gulf of Tonkin Agreement to establish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries in line with UNCLOS 1982.