Desertification in India & Farming Technology

General Studies Paper-3

Context

• Recently, researchers from the Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR) have successfully grown wheat on desert land using an innovative ‘soilification technology’ powered by an indigenous bioformulation.

About Desertification

• Desertification is defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas due to various factors including climatic variations and human activities.
• According to the Space Applications Centre of ISRO, about 30% of India’s total geographical area suffers from degradation, with nearly 25% affected by desertification.

Extent of the Problem

• Nearly 96.40 million hectares of land in India are degraded (Space Applications Centre, ISRO, 2021).
• Drylands in Rajasthan contribute to over 23% of desertified areas, making it a hotspot for urgent interventions.
• India aims to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 (India’s National Action Programme to Combat Desertification, MoEFCC).

Breakthroughs in Farming Technology

• Soilification Technology in Rajasthan: It lies in modifying desert sand into fertile soil using polymers and bioformulations. It involves:
  • Cross-linking desert sand particles using eco-friendly polymers;
  • Enhancing water retention capacity of sandy soil;
  • Stimulating microbial activity through indigenous bioformulations;
  • Creating a soil-like structure that supports crop growth;
  • Minimising the spread of desertification, particularly in vulnerable zones like western rajasthan’s thar desert;
• Baramati Experiment in Maharashtra: It was based on AI and Precision Farming, supported by Microsoft and Oxford University, that uses AI-driven tools to optimize irrigation, pest control, and crop planning.
  • Farmers reported up to 40% increase in yield;
  • Reduced input costs and water usage;
• Real-time data helps manage climate risks.

Other Farming Technology in Combating Desertification

• Precision Agriculture: Use of drones, sensors, and GIS to monitor soil moisture and nutrient levels.
• Micro-Irrigation Systems: Drip and sprinkler irrigation reduce water wastage and salinity.
• Soil Conservation Technologies: Zero-tillage, contour bunding, and mulching help retain soil moisture.
• Agroforestry: Integration of trees with crops prevents erosion and enhances soil carbon sequestration.
• Remote Sensing & Satellite Monitoring: ISRO’s Desertification Atlas provides data for planning at national and state levels.
• Climate-Smart Farming: Adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties (e.g., millets) promoted under the International Year of Millets 2023 initiative.
• Natural Farming: It avoids chemical fertilizers and pesticides, restores soil health and water permeability, and promotes climate-resilient agriculture.