UN Report Reveals Record 120 Million People Displaced Globally

General Studies Paper -2

Context: A record 120 million people were living in a forcibly displaced status globally from the beginning of 2023 through May 2024, according to the Global Trends report by the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR).

Key Findings

• Record Displacement: The number of forcibly displaced individuals rose to 120 million by May 2024, a nearly 10% increase from 2022, representing about 1.5% of the global population.
• Notable Statistics: At the end of 2023, 117.3 million people were forcibly displaced.
  • Fighting in Sudan caused over 6 million people to flee by December 2023.
  • In Gaza, up to 1.7 million people, or over 75% of the population, have been displaced.
  • There are around 6 million Palestinian refugees under the UNRWA mandate, with 1.6 million in the Gaza Strip.
• Global Distribution: Contrary to common perception, 75% of refugees and migrants move to low and middle-income countries.
• Asylum Applications: Half of all new asylum applications in 2023 were filed in five countries, with the US receiving the most (1.2 million), followed by Germany (329,100), Egypt, Spain, and Canada.
• Causes: Major drivers include persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violations, and public order disturbances. Conflict, in particular, remains a significant factor, with the ongoing situation in Sudan and the war in Gaza cited as major causes of displacement.
• Other Affected Regions: Myanmar, Afghanistan, Ukraine, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Haiti, Syria, and Armenia are also significant sources of displaced people.
• Impact of Climate Change: Climate-related hazards significantly impact displacement trends, with extreme weather events exacerbating the vulnerabilities of displaced populations.
• Implications of Displacement & Migrations Around the World
• Negative Implications:
  • Humanitarian Crisis: Displacement often leads to immense human suffering, loss of life, trauma, and the erosion of basic human rights. Refugees and migrants face vulnerability to exploitation, abuse, and discrimination.
  • Economic Strain: Host countries, especially those with limited resources, may struggle to provide adequate services and infrastructure for large numbers of newcomers. This can strain public resources and social systems.
  • Social Tension: Large-scale migration can sometimes lead to social tensions, xenophobia, and discrimination in host communities. Integrating newcomers can be a challenge, requiring careful planning and resources.
  • Political Instability: Displacement and migration can exacerbate political tensions and conflicts, both in countries of origin and destination.
• Positive Implications:
  • Economic Growth: Migrants can contribute to economic growth in host countries by filling labor shortages, starting businesses, and paying taxes.
  • Cultural Enrichment: Migration can lead to cultural exchange and diversity, enriching societies with new perspectives, ideas, and traditions.
  • Skills and Knowledge Transfer: Migrants often bring valuable skills and knowledge that can benefit host countries in various sectors.
  • Demographic Balance: In some cases, migration can help address demographic challenges, such as aging populations.

Treaties and Programs

• 1951 Refugee Convention: The cornerstone of international refugee law, defining who is a refugee and outlining their rights and the obligations of states to protect them.
• Global Compact on Refugees (GCR): A framework for more predictable and equitable responsibility-sharing among states in responding to refugee situations.
• Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM): A non-binding agreement that aims to improve cooperation on international migration.
• UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees): The UN agency responsible for protecting and assisting refugees worldwide.
• IOM (International Organization for Migration): The UN agency that provides services and advice on migration to governments and migrants.

Way Ahead

• Conflict Prevention and Resolution: Addressing the root causes of displacement, such as conflict, persecution, and human rights abuses, is crucial to prevent future crises.
• Humanitarian Aid: Providing immediate assistance to displaced populations, including food, shelter, healthcare, and protection, is essential to save lives and alleviate suffering.
• Sustainable Development: Investing in development programs in countries of origin can create economic opportunities and improve living conditions, reducing the incentives for people to migrate.
• Legal Pathways and Protection: Expanding legal pathways for migration, such as resettlement programs and work visas, can provide safer and more orderly alternatives to irregular migration. Strengthening legal protections for refugees and asylum seekers is also vital.