Current Context : Union Textiles Minister Giriraj Singh launched the Kapas Kisan App. Aim: To streamline cotton procurement under Minimum Support Price (MSP) and protect farmers from distress sales.  About the App Self-Registration → Farmers register using Aadhaar-linked mobile numbers. Slot Booking → Farmers can book delivery slots to avoid long queues. Payment Tracking → Real-time monitoring of payment status. Language Accessibility → Multiple Indian languages for inclusivity. Design → Simple, farmer-centric interface.  Significance Ensures transparent and timely MSP procurement. Reduces dependence on middlemen. Supports the Cotton Corporation of India (CCI) in digitized records and logistics. Aligns with Digital India....Read More

Current Context: 10 States along with the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission recorded a disposal rate of over 100 percent on the E-Jagriti platform in July 2025. ABOUT E-JAGRITI PLATFORM Launched on: 1 January 2025 Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution Purpose: To provide a unified, tech-enabled avenue for uploading, tracking, and managing consumer grievances across multiple adjudicatory bodies. Objective: Computerization and networking of all Consumer Commissions at national, state, and district levels for transparency, efficiency, and speedy resolution of consumer disputes. Functions: Online filing of complaints Tracking of case status Accessing judgments Imp. fact : Disposal....Read More

Current Context: The Ministry of Education has launched free Artificial Intelligence (AI) courses on the SWAYAM Portal to equip students with skills in emerging technologies and meet the growing demand for AI expertise. ABOUT SWAYAM PORTAL Full Form: Study Webs of Active–Learning for Young Aspiring Minds Launched By: Ministry of Education (2017) Purpose: To bridge the digital divide and provide quality online education free of cost Nature: India’s own MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) platform Courses Offered: From Class 9 to Post-Graduation level across Engineering, Science, Humanities, Management, Commerce, Language, and more FEATURES Four-Quadrant Model: Video Lectures Downloadable Reading Material....Read More

Current Context : The Chhattisgarh High Court acquitted an individual accused of double murder on the grounds of legal insanity, highlighting mental state as a valid legal defence. ABOUT LEGAL INSANITY Definition: A mental condition that disables a person from understanding the nature or consequences of a criminal act. Basis: If the person cannot distinguish right from wrong at the time of the crime, they may not be held criminally liable. Key Features It is a legal concept, not a medical Requires evidence like psychiatric evaluations, medical records, and behavioural patterns. Burden of proof lies on the accused. Types Emotional....Read More

General Studies Paper-2 Context: The National Education Policy 2020, marked the first comprehensive education policy completed five years since adoption. Key Features of NEP 2020 Structural Reform: Shift from the 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure – covering ages 3-18 across foundational, preparatory, middle, and secondary stages. Foundational Literacy & Numeracy: Emphasis on basic reading and arithmetic skills through initiatives like NIPUN Bharat for all children by Grade 3. Mother Tongue & Multilingualism: Promotes instruction in the mother tongue/regional language up to at least Grade 5 (preferably till Grade 8); advances the three-language formula. Holistic & Multidisciplinary Education: Multiple....Read More

CURRENT CONTEXT : The Union Minister has launched the National Standards for Civil Service Training Institutes 2.0 (NSCSTI 2.0)framework to improve governance and training quality.  ABOUT NSCSTI 2.0 FRAMEWORK Developed by: Capacity Building Commission (CBC) Aim: To make civil service training institutes future-ready through standardization and innovation. FEATURES Evaluation based on streamlined metrics Inclusive and accessible design for wider reach Digital integration with hybrid and e-learning models Promotes institutional excellence and knowledge sharing ABOUT CAPACITY BUILDING COMMISSION Established in: 2021 under the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) Also known as: Mission Karmayogi Functions as an independent executive....Read More

Current Context: Recently, the Central government decided to form a high-level technical committee within a week to address inter‑state disputes over the Polavaram–Banakacherla Link Project, as well as other water-sharing issues involving Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.  About the Project: Location: Connects the Polavaram Dam on the Godavari River to the Banakacherla Regulator in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Objective: Divert around 200 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) of surplus Godavari floodwater annually to drought-prone regions like Rayalaseema via Krishna river basins.  Issue in Dispute: Telangana’s concern: Opposes link fearing it violates water-sharing agreements and could affect its water security. Environmental review:....Read More

CURRENT CONTEXT : The central government has extended the deadline for the Ravi & Beas Waters Tribunal, constituted under the Inter-State River Water Disputes (ISRWD) Act, 1956, by one year—now due by 5 August 2026—after nearly 39 years without resolution over water-sharing disputes among Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.  ABOUT ISRWD ACT, 1956: Enacted under Article 262 of the Constitution to resolve water disputes between states. Once a tribunal is appointed, the Supreme Court and other courts cannot intervene in the matter. Aims to provide a binding, time-bound mechanism for resolving conflicts over shared river waters.  Ravi–Beas Tribunal Details: Constituted in April....Read More

Current Context: The Election Commission of India is commencing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls across Bihar, relying on Article 324 of the Constitution and Section 21 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950.  About SIR Definition: A house-to-house enrollment exercise by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) to update/upkeep voter lists. Objective: Ensure inclusion of all eligible citizens and removal of ineligible entries. Methodology: Direct verification of residence, age, identity, and citizenship status. Regular updates can also be driven by voter requests. Significance : Enhances voter list accuracy, reinforcing quality of democratic processes.Read More

CURRENT CONTEXT : Recently, the PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan Dissemination Portal was launched to provide public access to data on student performance across States and UTs. ABOUT PARAKH Full form : Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development. Established in 2023 under NCERT as an independent national assessment centre. Part of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 OBJECTIVES Establish norms, standards, and guidelines for assessments. Strengthen student evaluation, school board equivalence, and holistic learning. PARAKH PORTAL FUNCTIONS Provides open access to data from Achievement Surveys and assessments. Enables States/UTs to identify learning gaps and create targeted action plans. Supports....Read More