ANSWER : D
GM foods are derived from plants whose genes are artificially modified, usually by inserting genetic material from another organism, in order to give it a new property, such as increased yield, tolerance to a herbicide, resistance to disease or drought, or to improve its nutritional value.
ANSWER : A
A bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects bacteria. In fact, the word “bacteriophage” literally means “bacteria eater,” because bacteriophages destroy their host cells. All bacteriophages are composed of a nucleic acid molecule that is surrounded by a protein structure. In other words, they are comprised of a protein capsule around an RNA or DNA genome.
ANSWER : D
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual’s DNA characteristics.
DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects’ profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime. It is also used in parentage testing, to establish immigration eligibility, and in genealogical and medical research. DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture.
ANSWER : B
The term antibiotic resistance is a subset of antimicrobial resistance or AMR which is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication.
Antimicrobial resistant-microbes occur naturally and are found in people, animals, food, and the environment (in water, soil and air).
They can spread between people and animals, including from food of animal origin, and from person to person.
ANSWER : C
Bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms.
Bioremediation can be effective only where environmental conditions permit microbial growth and activity.
Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for Bioremediation.
For e.g. Alcanivorax, a bacteria with oil-eating abilities, can be used to create species that are much more capable of cleaning oil spills.
Bio-remediation is a slow process, so. Heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are NOT readily absorbed or captured by microorganisms.
ANSWER : A
Dolly is a cloned sheep.
Dolly was made using the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique.
In this technique, the egg from a donor sheep is obtained, and its nucleus was removed (enucleated).
The DNA obtained from the mammary gland of another sheep was injected into the enucleated egg.
The egg is introduced to the surrogate mother.
After the gestation period was over dolly was born.
A liposome-mediated transfer is when DNA is enclosed in a lipid bilayer structure and introduced in the lipid bilayer of the membrane as it allows the liposome containing foreign DNA to enter inside a cell.
Microinjection is a technique in which DNA is introduced inside cell cytoplasm via a micropipette.
Electric shock is when an electric current is passed through the membrane, and thus the membrane becomes permeable and foreign DNA enters the cell.
ANSWER : D
Gene therapy refers to a collection of methods involving genetic engineering techniques that allows correction of a gene defect by alteration or replacement.
Correction of a gene defect involves the delivery of a normal gene that could compensate for the non-functional gene.
This is achieved by inserting the genes into cells using retroviral vectors.
SCID refers to severe combined immunodeficiency disorder.
The deficiency of ADA enzyme is a SCID.
The first clinical gene therapy was done in 1990 to a 4 years old girl for the treatment of
ADA deficiency (SCID). ADA stands for adenosine deaminase, an enzyme crucial for the immune system. It is caused by the deletion of the gene encoding ADA.
ANSWER : C
The production of an exact copy of a cell, a part of the animal or the complete animal through asexual reproduction is called cloning.
A clone is genetically identical to the parent organism.
ANSWER : D
Cloning is the production of an exact copy of a cell, any other living part, or a complete organism.
Cloning of an animal was successfully performed for the first time by lan Wilmut and his colleagues.
They cloned successfully a sheep named Dolly.
Dolly was born on 5th July 1996 and was the first mammal to be cloned.
Bt-cotton
These crystals contain a toxic insecticidal protein.
Flavr savr
GloFish
GloFish is a genetically modified fish that was made using Recombinant DNA Technology. • These fishes displays bio-chemiluminescence.
ANSWER : B
GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms)
■the creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning, gene transfer,
overcome this limitation and allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes into the target organism. • In this technique, a gene from one organism is isolated and transferred to the cell of another organism.
ANSWER : A
o E. coli (Escherichia coli), is a type of bacteria that normally lives in our intestines. o It’s also found in the gut of some animals.
Rhizopus:
Pseudomonas:
Ashbya gossypii:
o It is also known as Eremothecium.
ANSWER : B
Bacillus thuringiensis forms protein crystals which contain toxic insecticidal proteins (Bt toxin).
Bt toxin exists as inactive protoxin in the bacteria and so it does not cause any harm to the bacteria.
The toxin gets activated in gut of the insect as it gets solubilized in the alkaline pH of gut, when the insect ingests the toxin.
The activated toxin binds to the epithelial cells of the midgut and create pores, causing swelling and lysis and ultimately causing death of the insect.
Particular Bt toxin genes named cry genes were isolated from the bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis) and then incorporated into crop plants.
These genetically modified crops are known as Bt-crops.
Examples – Bt-cotton, Bt-corn, etc. This helps in designing bioinsecticidal plants that get protection from the targeted pests.
ANSWER : D
Pro-hormone is the precursor of any specific hormone. Prohormone insulin contains an extra stretch of C-peptide. This is removed from the matured and processed insulin.
A-peptide and B-peptide chains of insulin were produced separately in E. coli. These peptide chains are then extracted and recombined by the formation of disulfide bridges between them.
Pro-hormone Insulin needs to be processed for converting into a mature and functional hormone.
ANSWER : B
Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is not normally present in rice.
ANSWER : B
The main areas of application of SCNT are: Reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and basic research. The great application potential of SCNT-based cloning is the production of genetically modified (transgenic) animals.
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