ANSWER: B
Bara Bhangal lies at the extreme northern tip of Kangra, bordering both Mandi and Chamba, between the Dhauladhar and Manimahesh ranges, deep in the Ravi valley.
ANSWER: A
The Sub-Himalayan Range (also known as the Cis-Himalaya) is the southernmost mountains in the Himalayan range, located on the Indian subcontinent. Himalayan foothills form the sub-Himalayan zone. Located from Punjab region to the Indian state of Assam.
ANSWER: A
Shingo-La Pass: Shingo La is a high mountain pass at an elevation of 5.091m (16,703ft) above sea level, located on the border between Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, in India.
ANSWER: B
The river Yamuna, after flowing through Uttarakhand, enters in Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh.
ANSWER: C
The Pajhota agitation in which the people of a part of Sirmour state revolted is regarded as an extension of the Quit India Movement of 1942.
ANSWER: A
The Praja Mandal movement was a part of the Indian independence movement from the 1920s in which people living in the princely states, who were subject to the rule of local aristocrats rather than the British Raj, campaigned against those feudatory rulers, and sometimes also the British administration, in attempts to improve their civil rights. One response to the Praja Mandal agitations was the foundation of the Central Reserve Police Force in 1939.
ANSWER: A
ANSWER: B
Tabo Monastery is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, northern India. It was founded in 996 CE in the Tibetan year of the Fire Ape by the Tibetan. Buddhist lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo (Mahauru Ramabhadra), on behalf of the king of western Himalayan Kingdom of Guge, Yeshe-O.
ANSWER: C
Jagatsukh: Jagatsukh on the left bank of River Beas. A quaint but bustling village, it is home to several temples and is considered to be one of the biggest towns in Kullu Valley. Local lore says that it was the first capital of Himachal Pradesh.
The most popular attraction in the area is a unique shikhara-style temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Sandhya Gayatri.
Along with being a prominent pilgrimage site, Jagatsukh is also a favoured honeymoon destination, offering scenic views of surrounding snow-capped mountains, meadows and orchards.
Jagatsukh serves as a base for several adventure-seekers who plan to trek to the base camp of Deo Tibba.
This route is often traversed by newbies but seasoned trekkers also take to the trail as it offers unparalleled views of the mighty Himalayas.
ANSWER: A
The Gorkhas, a martial tribe came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla hill states. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra.
They managed to defeat Sansar Chand, the ruler of kangra, in 1806 with the help of many hill chiefs. However Gorkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After this defeat the Gorkhas began to expand towards south. This resulted in the Anglo-Gorkha war.
They came into direct conflict with the English along the tarai belt after which the English expelled them from the hill states east of the Satluj. Thus British slowly emerged as the paramount powers in this tract.
ANSWER: C
Mr. Lawrance in 1848 suppressed the rebellion of Wazir of Nurpur and then Pramod Chand and Rajas of Jaswan and Datarpur.
ANSWER: C
Madho Rai is one of the many names of Shri Krishna. The Grand procession of Madho Rai along with the deities (called Jeleb) is awe-inspiring in the Shivratri fair at Mandi.
ANSWER: B
Prashar Lake Located at an altitude of 2730 mtr, lies 49 km east of Mandi, Himachal Pradesh,India, with a three storied pagoda-like temple dedicated to the sage Prashar.
ANSWER: B
Kinnaur : Dohru’ is a traditional woollen dress worn by the women of Kinnaur district.
ANSWER: D
The Shongtong Karcham Hydroelectric Project (3×150 MW) is on the river Satluj, located in Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh.
The water conductor system comprises of an intake structure and a desilting tank with four chambers.
The desilted water feeds to an underground powerhouse located near Ralli village through a circular 7.7 kms long and 10m diameter HRT to generate 450 MW of power by utilizing a design head of 124.01m.
An underground surge shaft of 30.6 diameters will accommodate surges in case of sudden closure of the units.
ANSWER: B
Kibber also Kyibar is a village high in the Spiti Valley in the Himalayas at 4270 metres or 14,200 ft in Himachal Pradesh in northern India.
It contains a monastery and the Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary. It is located 20 kilometres from Kaza and a bus service connects them in the milder summer months.
ANSWER: B
The Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan is the central government’s contribution to further the promise held by the rich expanse of India’s state universities. The country’s future lies in empowering these campuses with all that it takes to enhance learning, better research and promote innovation.
A centrally sponsored scheme, RUSA understands that sometimes the most important lessons of life are learnt outside the classroom.
So whether it is upgrading libraries or computer laboratories, promoting autonomous colleges or clubbing them to consolidate their strength and forming cluster universities, this programme realizes that every institution holds the power to enrich lives through top-class education.
ANSWER: A
‘Polyandry in the Himalayas’ is a famous book written by Dr. Y.S. Parmar .
ANSWER: C
The Durand Football Tournament, also known as Durand Cup, is an annual domestic football competition in India which was first held in 1888 in Annadale, Shimla. It is hosted by the Durand Football Tournament Society.
ANSWER: B
Mushroom: Indio- Dutch mushroom development project Palampur launched in 1985 for the introduction of Dutch technology in Mushroom production which became operational in 1992.
ANSWER: B
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017 is awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson for the development of cryo-electron microscopy, which both simplifies and improves the imaging of biomolecules. This method has moved biochemistry into a new era. A picture is a key to understanding.
ANSWER: A
Garbine Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title, defeating Venus Williams in the final, 7–5, 6–0 to win the Ladies’ Singles tennis title at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships. Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994.
ANSWER: B
Halimah Yacob
She is the incumbent president of Singapore since the 2017 Singapore presidential election. Halimah won in an uncontested election, as no other presidential candidate was issued the Certificate of Eligibility. She is the first female president in the country’s history.
ANSWER: A
Jagjeet Singh was elected leader of the federal NDP in the leadership election on October 1, 2017, having won on the first ballot with 53.8 per cent of the vote. Soon after his election as leader, Singh named leadership rival Guy Caron as parliamentary leader of the NDP.
ANSWER: A
Hambantota Port is a joint venture between the Sri Lanka Ports Authority and the Chinese state-owned China Merchants Port Holdings.In 2016, the Sri Lankan government decided to privatise an 80 per cent stake of the port to raise foreign exchange.
ANSWER: A
Surabhi C. M., also known as Surabhi Lakshmi is an Indian film, television, and stage actress who appears in Malayalam films and television.
She won the National Film Award for Best Actress in 2016 for portraying the role of a struggling middle-aged mother in the Malayalam film Minnaminungu.
ANSWER: B
| List I | List II |
| I. Sachidanand Vatsyayan | iii. Hindi Poet |
| ii.Aryabhatta | iv. Astronomer |
| iii. Ayyankali | ii. Harijan leader |
| iv. M. Fatim Beevi | I. Judge |
ANSWER: C
In 2014, Sachin Tendulkar became the first and the only sportsperson to be conferred with the Bharat Ratna.
ANSWRE: D
KV. Sivan : He earlier served as director of VSSC and LPSC and participated in development of PSLV rockets. His tenure has been marked with launch of Chandrayaan-2 and acceleration of India’s manned space program.
Short term goals include launch of Chandrayaan-3 to attempt a successful soft lunar landing, putting humans in space, launching missions to Venus and sun and development of SCE-200 rocket engine to facilitate realisation of India’s heavy lift launch vehicle and increase commercial operations.
ANSWER: A
Indu Malhotra will be the first woman lawyer to be elevated as the judge of the apex court. She was recommended by the SC collegium to Centre in January. The government is learnt to have cleared the appointment of senior advocate Indu Malhotra as a judge of the Supreme Court.
ANSWER: C
Granville Austin, a British Constitutional expert, remarked: ‘The Constituent Assembly was a one-party body in an essentially one-party country. The Assembly was the Congress and the Congress was India’.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: A
Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Anr., also known as the Kesavananda Bharati judgement, is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India that outlined the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution. The case is also known as the Fundamental Rights Case.
ANSWER: D
Cauvery Water Dispute:
About:
It involves 3 states and one Union Territory (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Puducherry).
Recent Developments: From 1974, Karnataka started diverting water into its four newly made reservoirs, without the consent of Tamil Nadu resulting in a dispute.
ANSWER: A
The Supreme Court of India gave verdict that 27% central government reservation for OBCs is valid. Union of India verdicts, which said that reservations could be made in promotions as well as appointments. Indra Sawhney v. Union of India held that reservations cannot be applied in promotions.
ANSWER: C
| List I (Panchayati Raj Committees) | List II (Years) |
| i. C.H. Hanumantha Rao | 1983 |
| ii. C.V.K. Rao | 1985 |
| iii. Ashok Mehta | 1977 |
| iv. L.M. Singhvi | 1986 |
ANSWER: C
The Vohra (Committee) Report was submitted by the former Indian Union Home Secretary, N.N. Vohra, in October 1993. It studied the problem of the criminalisation of politics and of the nexus among criminals, politicians and bureaucrats in India.
The report contained several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network which was virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs who enjoyed the patronage of politicians, of all parties, and the protection of government functionaries. It revealed that political leaders had become the leaders of gangs. They were connected to the military. Over the years criminals had been elected to local bodies, State Assemblies and Parliament. The unpublished annexures to the Vohra Report were believed to contain highly explosive material.
In 1997, the Supreme Court recommended the appointment of a high level committee to ensure in-depth investigation into the findings of the N N Vohra Committee and to secure prosecution of those involved.
ANSWER: D
The term ‘Dharmshala Capitalism’, ‘Hindu rate of growth’ was coined by Professor Rajkrishna, an Indian economist, in 1978 to characterize the slow growth and to explain it against the backdrop of socialistic economic policies.
ANSWER: A
Statutory Bodies in India.
They are also important bodies due to their function.
They are created by an Act of Parliament.
They are called ‘statutory’ since statutes are laws made by the Parliament or the legislature.
UGC: The UGC, however, was formally established only in November 1956 as a statutory body of the Government of India through an Act of Parliament for the coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of university education in India.
Official Languages Commission : Official Languages Commission is an Indian commission which was constituted by the president of India in pursuance to the provisions stated in the Article-344 of the Indian Constitution. This commission was constituted on June 7, 1955 vide a notification of the Ministry of Home Affairs, government of India.
ANSWER: A
On 2nd September 1946, the Interim Government of India was formed to oversee the transition of the country from a British colony to an independent republic.
The Interim Government was formed as a provisional government between an imperial structure and a democratic structure.
It lasted till 15th August 1947 when India became independent and was partitioned into India and Pakistan.
This Interim Government was formed from the Constituent Assembly which was elected in August 1946.
The election to the Constituent Assembly was not direct and representatives were elected by the provincial assemblies.
In these elections, the Indian National Congress (INC) won around 69% of the seats and had a majority. The Congress Party won 208 seats and the Muslim League won 73 seats.
ANSWER: A
Granville Austin said Indian federalism is “A new kind of federation to meet India’s peculiar needs”. He also called the Indian federalism as a “Co-operative federalism”.
ANSWER: B
Adi Ambedkar Samaj movement is related to Punjab State.From 1922 onwards, dissension in Arya Samaj factions of Punjab between the Vasant Rai and Mangoo Ram groups again split the regional Adi Dharma movement. Both groups approached the Lahore Headquarters of Adi Brahmo Samaj for recognition which was denied to both. This led to rivalry and inducements from all sides including Arya Samaj, Christian missionaries, Sikhism etc. causing considerable confusion in the Northern Provinces as to who represents Adi Dharma here.
ANSWER: B
When the Sino-Indian War broke out in 1962 Dange’s opponents within CPI were jailed, but when they were released they sought to challenge his leadership. In 1964 the party was finally divided into two, with the left faction forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist).
ANSWER: A
Rajni Kothari described the critical and creative role of politics in India as “The Indian model of development”.
ANSWER: B
The correct answer from the codes are:
| List I (Events) | List II (Years) |
| i. Millennium Development Goals Report | i. 2011 |
| ii. National Commission for Women | ii. 1992 |
| iii. Ministry of Women and child Development | iii. 2006 |
| iv. National Mission for Empowerment of Women | iv. 2010 |
ANSWER: D
The reforms take their name from Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, and Lord Chelmsford, the Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report, prepared in 1918, and formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919.
ANSWER:C
Babasaheb Ambedkar Birth place , located at Mhow in Madhya Pradesh, India. This was birthplace of Babasaheb Ambedkar, who was born on 14 April 1891 in Mhow.
ANSWER: B
The correct answer is A. V. Thakkar. Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, popularly known as Thakkar Bapa. He was an Indian social worker who worked for the upliftment of tribal people in Gujarat state in India.
ANSWER: A
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, known among followers by the honorific prefix Veer, was an Indian politician, activist, and writer. He developed the Hindu nationalist political ideology of Hindutva while imprisoned at Ratnagiri in 1922. He was a leading figure in the Hindu Mahasabha.
ANSWER: D
M.R. Jayakar was a barrister, Federal Court Judge (1937-9) and member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly. He had been called to the Bar at Lincoln’s Inn in London in 1905.
In the 1930s he sent his son, Jayapal, to study in Oxford, having failed to gain admission to Oxford in the early twentieth century himself. Jayakar became heavily involved in nationalist politics in India.
ANSWER: A
The Hindu code bills were several laws passed in the 1950s that aimed to codify and reform Hindu personal law in India, abolishing religious law in favor of a common law code. According to the British policy of noninterference, personal-law reform should have arisen from a demand from the Hindu community.
ANSWER: A
The physical properties of basalt reflect its relatively low silica content and typically high iron and magnesium content. The average density of basalt is 2.9 g/cm3, compared with a typical density for granite of 2.7 g/cm3.
ANSWER: A
Slate-Sandstone. Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism.
ANSWER: C
The planet Jupiter has the shortest day of all the eight major planets in the Solar System. It spins around on its axis once every 9 hr 55 min 29.69 sec. Jupiter has a small axial tilt of only 3.13 degrees, meaning it has little seasonal variation during its 11.86-year-long orbit of the Sun.
ANSWER: A
An outwash plain is a plain formed of glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier. Outwash plains occur in front of melting glaciers. They are expansive, generally flat areas that are dominated by braided rivers when the glacier is actively melting.
ANSWER: B
The Aleutian Islands, also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller islands. Most of the Aleutian Islands belong to the U.S. state of Alaska, but some belong to the Russian federal subject of Kamchatka Krai.
ANSWER: A
The cycle of erosion was a model for stream erosion and landscape development proposed by William Morris Davis in the late 19th century. His basic concept includes a rapid tectonic uplift, followed by cessation of the land, which allows the rivers and streams to reduce the surface to a level close to sea-level.
ANSWER: A
A ria is a coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley. It is a drowned river valley that remains open to the sea. The result is often a very large estuary at the mouth of a relatively insignificant river (or else sediments would quickly fill the ria).
ANSWER: D
Wind action. Deflation is an action of wind when it picks up or removes loose particles from an area and leaves a denuded surface covered with coarse material too large for wind transport.
ANSWER: B
ANSWER: C
Operation Flood, launched on 13 January 1970, was the world’s largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India’s National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).All this was achieved not merely by mass production, but by production by the masses; the process has since been termed as the “White Revolution”.
ANSWER: A
The first edition of the National Forest Policy in India took effect in 1952. India launched its second edition of the National Forest Policy in 1988. The national forest policy 1988 aims at the maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and restoration of ecological balance.
ANSWER: B
Haryana depends upon canal irrigation for its agricultural prosperity to a great extent. About 49-49% of the irrigated area in Haryana is irrigated by canals.
ANSWER: B
HPCL-Mittal Energy has commissioned its 9-mt refinery at Bathinda, raising hopes for more such joint ventures between state oil companies and the Lakshmi N Mittal group.
ANSWER: D
Taking all three sectors into consideration, the textile industry is the largest industry in India. It accounts for around 20 percent of the industrial output and also provides employment to over 20 million individuals.
ANSWER: D
Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited was founded on August 26, 1908.
ANSWER: A
Industrial Policy is the set of standards and measures set by the Government to evaluate the progress of the manufacturing sector that ultimately enhances economic growth and development of the country.
The first Industrial Policy in India was announced post-independence in 1948. It was presented by Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.
ANSWER: B
During the Mughal period, the village Rishra and its suburbs were thickly populated. The hot and humid climate of the area was congenial to the textile industry.
The land was thus famous for textile and silk weaving.The mill was established in 1855 by British entrepreneur George Acland and Bengali financier Babu Bysumber Sen in Rishra, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day West Bengal, India).
ANSWER: A
Koraput has rich deposits of Bauxite. The region also has rich mineral deposits, including aluminum ore, manganese, and limestone. The Gupteshwar limestone cave temple on Ramgiri Hill and the Duduma and Bagra waterfalls are nearby.
ANSWER: D
It has 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that put people and planet at its centre, giving the international community a framework for tackling the many challenges confronting humanity, including those in the world of work.
ANSWER: C
Nominal net national income at current prices for 2019-20 stands at Rs 179.94 trillion as against Rs 167.05 trillion in 2018-19, showing a growth of 7.5 per cent as against a rise of 10.3 per cent in the previous year.
ANSWER: B
Index of Industrial Production (IIP) or factory output for the month of December 2017 came in at 7.1%, compared to 8.4% in November 2017 and 2.2% in the month of October 2017.
ANSWER: D
ANSER: C
Operation Greens is a project approved by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries with the target to stabilise the supply of tomato, onion and potato crops (TOP crops) in India, as well as to ensure their availability around the country, year-round without price volatility.
ANSWER: C
The objective of the Stand-Up India scheme is to provide financing for Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and women entrepreneurs to realise their business ideas. Under the plan, bank loans ranging from Rs. 10 lakh to Rs. 1 crore can be obtained.
ANSWER: B
The approximate decadal population growth rate of Himachal Pradesh in census 2011 is 12.9%.
ANSWER: A
The Mission Indradhanush, depicting seven colours of the rainbow, targets to immunize all children against seven vaccine preventable diseases namely Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Childhood Tuberculosis, Polio, Hepatitis B and Measles.
ANSWER: B
India is facing serious nutrition-related challenges as more than half of women in reproductive age suffering from anaemia, reveals the Global Nutrition Report 2017. According to the new reports, India comes at the bottom of the table with 51% women suffering from anaemia.
ANSWER: C
ANSWER: A
Government provides health insurance cover of up to Rs. 5,00,000 per family per year. More than 10.74 crore poor and vulnerable families (approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) covered across the country.
ANSWER: D
The people are expected to contribute 100 hours per year to cleanliness under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan. The Finance Ministry announced in February 2021 that Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0 will be launched under the “Health and Wellbeing” vertical.
ANSWER: B
| Column I | Column II |
| P. Montreal Protocol | iv. Total Elimination of Ozone Depleting Substances |
| Q. Vienna Convention | i. Protection of Ozone Layer |
| R. Kyoto Protocol | ii. Stabilization of Greenhouse Gases |
| S. Earth Summit | iii. Environment and Sustainable Development |
ANSWER: C
The “dirty dozen” chemicals banned in an international treaty are formally known as persistent organic pollutants, or POPs. The United Nations Environment Program provided this background on what they are and what they can do to humans and wildlife.
ANSWER: A
The Vast majority of biodiversity occur in developing countries like.
ANSWER: B
Appiko Movement” was founded and led by environmental activist Panduranga Hegde, the movement christened Appiko (“hug” in Kannada, symbolising protection for the tree) became south India’s first large-scale environmental movement.
ANSWER: D
97.3 % of the earth’s water is found in the oceans (too salty for drinking, growing crops, and most industrial uses except cooling) where as only 2.97% of the earth’s water is fresh.
ANSWER: D
Cytosilicosis is caused by Silica. It is an occupational hazard, very commonly diagnosed in cement factory workers.
ANSWER: C
| Column I | Column II |
| P. Biological Diversity Act | iv. 2002 |
| Q. E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules | iii. 2011 |
| R. Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary) Rules | ii. 2008 |
| S. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules | i. 2000 |
ANSWER: B
Project Crocodile: The Crocodile Conservation Project was launched in 1975 in different States. The Gharial and Saltwater crocodile conservation programme was first implemented in Odisha in early 1975 and subsequently, the Mugger conservation programme was initiated.
ANSWER: C
There are four major types of non renewable resources: oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy. Oil, natural gas, and coal are collectively called fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were formed within the Earth from dead plants and animals over millions of years-hence the name “fossil” fuels.
ANSWER: C
In any system of measurements we need some reference in order to exchange goods or any physical quantities by the comparisons. For that reason we have made some fixed reference is base unit to measure these quantities in and that reference or base units, so that this must be constant for all and in all over the world ,that will make the exchange process more convenient, Thus, Kilogram is the right answer.
ANSWER: C
Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum.
ANSWER: A
The image formed in a convex mirror is always erect, virtual and diminished in size. Convex mirrors image is usually formed behind the mirror, it is virtual and erect. Location of the image is always between the focal point and vertex of the mirror.
ANSWER: D
Sunlight is a renewable resource, and its most direct use is achieved by capturing the sun’s energy. A variety of solar energy technologies are used to convert the sun’s energy and light into heat: illumination, hot water, electricity and (paradoxically) cooling systems for businesses and industry.
ANSWER: D
Global mean sea level has risen about 8–9 inches since 1880, with about a third of that coming in just the last two and a half decades. The rising water level is mostly due to a combination of melt water from glaciers and ice sheets and thermal expansion of seawater as it warms.
ANSWER: C
In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle.
ANSWER: C
Red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of bones. Stem cells in the red bone marrow are called hemocytoblasts. They give rise to all of the formed elements in blood.
ANSWER: A
Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness (Rataundhi). Vitamin A deficiency can lead to ophthalmological, dermatological, and immune impairment.
ANSWER: B
The core of a transformer is made of soft iron because it has high permeability so it provides complete linkage of magnetic flux of the primary coil to the secondary coil. Therefore it has high coercivity and low retentivity.
ANSWER: C
It is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti. Dengue fever results in a drop in your white blood cell and platelet counts.
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