Answer to Question No. 1 to 10 should not exceed 150 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 08 marks.
1. Critically analyse the interplay between India’s demographic dividend and its population policy, highlighting the challenges in leveraging the demographic dividend to reduce poverty and inequality.
Answer:
India is experiencing a demographic dividend, characterized by a high proportion of working-age [15-64 years] population, offers a historic opportunity to accelerate economic growth and reduce poverty. However, the realization of this potential is contingent upon effective population policies that align with the evolving demographic landscape.
| Interplay with Population Policy | Details |
| Historical Context | India’s population policies, initially focused on family planning, have evolved towards reproductive health and women’s empowerment. This shift has contributed to declining fertility rates, enabling the demographic dividend. |
| Current Policy Focus | Policies now emphasize quality of life, health, education, and skill development, which are crucial for harnessing the dividend. |
Challenges in Leveraging the Dividend
Despite the potential, several challenges hinder India’s ability to fully leverage this demographic advantage to reduce poverty and inequality:
- Skill Gap:A significant portion of the youth lacks employable skills relevant to the modern economy.
- Job Creation:Insufficient job creation in formal sectors fails to absorb the large influx of young workers.
- Quality Education:Access to quality education remains uneven, perpetuating inequalities.
- Health & Nutrition:Persistent issues in health and nutrition undermine productivity and human capital development.
- Gender Inequality:Low female labour force participation underutilizes a significant demographic asset.
- Informal Economy:A large informal sector offers limited social security and growth opportunities.
- Regional Disparities:Uneven demographic transition across states creates regional imbalances in development and resource allocation.
Policy Interventions/Way Forward
Skill Development and Employment:
- Implementation of targeted skill development programs through Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana.
- Focus on emerging sectors like digital technology and renewable energy for job creation.
- Strengthening industry-academia linkages for better employability.
Social Security and Inequality Reduction:
- Enhanced social protection through schemes like PM Garib Kalyan Yojana.
- Targeted interventions for vulnerable sections through MGNREGAand other poverty alleviation programs.
- Focus on regional development to address spatial inequality.
While India’s population policies have facilitated the demographic dividend, effective human capital development, robust job creation, and inclusive socio-economic policies are paramount. Without these, the dividend risks becoming a demographic burden, exacerbating poverty and inequality rather than alleviating them.
2. Examine the trajectory of industrial growth in India post-1991 reforms, focusing on the challenges of unemployment and skill development.
Answer:
The 1991 economic reforms marked a paradigm shift, liberalizing India’s industrial sector from the ‘License Raj’. This led to a significant acceleration in industrial growth, driven by increased Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), technological upgrades, and global market integration.
Sectors like automobiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and IT services witnessed robust expansion, contributing to higher GDP growth rates. The average industrial growth rate, which was stagnant earlier, saw a notable uptick, particularly in the manufacturing and services sectors.
However, this growth trajectory presented significant challenges:
- Unemployment:The reforms, while boosting efficiency, often led to “jobless growth”. Modernization and automation in industries, coupled with the closure of uncompetitive public sector units, resulted in structural unemployment. The formal sector struggled to absorb the large workforce entering the market, pushing many into the informal economy or disguised unemployment.
- The period witnessed a phenomenon of jobless growth, with annual employment growth declining from 2.40% (1983-1994) to 0.98% (1994-2000).
- Unemployment rates rose from 5.99% in 1993-94 to 7.32% in 1999-2000, indicating structural challenges in job creation.
- Skill Development:The rapid technological advancements and changing industrial demands exposed a severe skill mismatch. India’s education system often failed to produce graduates with industry-relevant skills. This created a paradox where industries faced skill shortages while a large youth population remained unemployed, highlighting the need for targeted vocational training and continuous upskilling initiatives.
In essence, while the 1991 reforms propelled industrial growth and modernization, they simultaneously underscored the critical need for inclusive growth strategies that prioritize job creation and skill enhancement to truly leverage India’s demographic dividend.
3. How do land tenure systems and the size of land holdings impact Himachal Pradesh’s ability to achieve sustainable agricultural growth?
Answer:
Land tenure and the size of holdings form the structural base of agriculture. In Himachal Pradesh, the Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, 1972 ensured security of ownership and reduced tenancy, but this advantage is offset by small and fragmented holdings and growing stress on common property resources (CPRs) like forests and pastures.
Impact of Land Tenure System
Positive Aspects
- Security of tenure has encouraged long-term investments in terracing, orchards, and soil conservation.
- Clear land titles provide access to institutional credit, enabling farmers to invest in irrigation, greenhouses, and organic farming.
- CPRs supply fodder and manure and also support biodiversity, making integrated hill farming possible.
Negative Aspects
- Inheritance practices cause continuous subdivision of land, reducing operational size.
- Restrictions on sale of agricultural land protect locals but also limit private and corporate investment.
- Overuse and weakening of traditional community institutions have led to degradation of CPRs.
Impact of Small and Fragmented Holdings
Challenges
- Terraced and scattered plots make mechanization impractical.
- High input costs and lack of economies of scale reduce profitability.
- Adoption of modern technologies like drip irrigation and precision farming is limited.
- Farmers are more vulnerable to climate shocks and price fluctuations.
Adaptive Strategies
- Smallholders practice intensive intercropping and mixed farming.
- The agro-climatic conditions of small plots are well-suited for high-value crops such as apples, kiwi, and off-season vegetables.
Way Forward
- Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to improve marketing and economies of scale.
- Encouraging collective and cooperative farming or land pooling to overcome fragmentation.
- Policy support for niche crops, organic farming, and sustainable horticulture.
- Revival of community institutions for better management of CPRs.
While secure tenure in Himachal provides a strong foundation, extreme land fragmentation undermines sustainable growth. The future lies in institutional innovations like FPOs, cooperative farming, and sustainable CPR management , that can combine the benefits of individual ownership with the advantages of collective action, ensuring both ecological balance and economic viability.
4. Discuss the objectives and implications of Bhoonithi, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) data hub.
| Understanding the Question | The question asks about Bhoonidhi, a centralized online satellite data repository launched by ISRO. The focus is on its objectives, implications, and role in development planning, research, and governance. |
| Scope | · Explain Bhoonidhi as a centralized remote sensing data platform.
· Cover its objectives (access, transparency, innovation, disaster preparedness). · Discuss implications for governance, disaster management, research, inclusivity. · Relate to Digital India & sustainable development. |
| Things to Avoid | · Don’t treat Bhoonidhi as a general ISRO satellite mission (it’s a data archive platform).
· Avoid vague statements like “helps in development” without linking to specific sectors. · Don’t ignore its role in Digital India and inclusive access. |
Answer:
Introduction:
Bhoonidhi (Bhuvan-National Data Archive), launched by ISRO, is a centralized online data repository that facilitates access to remote sensing satellite data to various stakeholders, including researchers, government agencies, and the general public. It is part of ISRO’s broader initiative to democratize Earth observation data and support development planning across sectors.
Objectives:
- To provide a unified platform for accessing satellite imagery and remote sensing data.
- To support national development goals by enabling data-driven decision-making in areas like agriculture, urban planning, etc.
- To encourage academic research and industrial innovation using high-quality geospatial data.
- To ensure transparency and efficiency in satellite data dissemination.
- To strengthen disaster preparedness and environmental monitoring through timely data access.
- Unified Platform for Satellite Data Access
- Goal: To provide a centralized and standardized platform for accessing satellite imagery and remote sensing data.
- Details: Bhoonidhi integrates data from multiple Indian satellites and other sources, allowing researchers, government agencies, and the public to access consistent and reliable geospatial information.
- Benefit: Eliminates the need to search across multiple repositories, improving efficiency and reducing duplication of effort.
- Support for National Development Goals
- Goal: To enable data-driven decision-making in key sectors like agriculture, urban planning, water resources, and forestry.
- Details: Policymakers can use satellite data to monitor crop health, plan urban expansion, manage natural resources, and implement sustainable development projects.
- Benefit: Enhances planning accuracy and ensures that interventions are effective and scientifically informed.
- Encourage Academic Research and Industrial Innovation
- Goal: To promote research, innovation, and entrepreneurship using high-quality geospatial data.
- Details: Universities, research institutes, and startups can access historical and real-time satellite data for studies in climate change, environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and smart cities.
- Benefit: Stimulates technological development and creates opportunities for new products, services, and solutions.
- Transparency and Efficiency in Data Dissemination
- Goal: To ensure that satellite data is distributed in a timely, reliable, and user-friendly manner.
- Details: Online access and standardized formats make it easier for stakeholders to obtain and use geospatial data without bureaucratic delays.
- Benefit: Enhances governance, accountability, and informed decision-making across sectors.
- Strengthen Disaster Preparedness and Environmental Monitoring
- Goal: To use satellite data for timely response to natural disasters and effective environmental management.
- Details: Real-time imagery and monitoring enable early warning for floods, landslides, forest fires, and droughts, while also supporting ecosystem assessment and conservation efforts.
- Benefit: Reduces loss of life and property, enhances resilience, and helps maintain ecological balance.
Implications:
- Governance: Bhoonidhi aids in urban planning, rural development, and agricultural monitoring by supplying accurate geospatial data.
- Disaster Management: Real-time data enhances early warning systems and post-disaster assessments.
- Research & Innovation: Easy access to archived data fosters research in climate change, water resource management, and biodiversity conservation.
- Inclusivity: By offering free or affordable access, Bhoonidhi empowers students, researchers, and startups alike.
- Digital India Vision: It aligns with India’s aim to promote digital platforms for governance and development.
Conclusion:
Bhoonidhi is a strategic asset that reflects India’s vision of leveraging space technology for sustainable development. By making satellite data widely accessible, ISRO strengthens participatory planning and evidence-based policymaking across the nation. It strengthens the vision of Digital India and promotes self-reliance in space-based data applications.
5. Describe the objectives and salient characteristics of Indian communication satellite CMS-01.
| Understanding the Question | The question is about CMS-01, a communication satellite launched by ISRO (Dec 2020). Focus is on its objectives, characteristics, and significance for India’s communication infrastructure. |
| Scope | · Explain CMS-01 as part of ISRO’s communication modernization program.
· State objectives (telecom, disaster mgmt., telemedicine, rural connectivity). · Highlight salient features (frequency, mission life, orbit, coverage, indigenous design). · Discuss significance for Digital India & self-reliance. |
| Things to Avoid | · Don’t confuse CMS-01 with Earth observation or navigation satellites (it’s purely communication-focused).
· Avoid generic points like “it helps India’s progress” without linking to specific sectors (telecom, disaster, digital governance). · Don’t forget its role in replacing GSAT-12. |
Answer:
Introduction:
CMS-01 is an Indian communication satellite launched by ISRO on December 17, 2020, aboard the PSLV-C50 rocket. It is part of ISRO’s modernization efforts to enhance India’s communication infrastructure, especially in remote and underserved areas. It is envisaged for providing services in extended C Band frequency spectrum.
Objectives:
- To provide extended telecommunication services including VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) operations.
- To strengthen satellite-based communication in areas such as disaster management, tele-education, and telemedicine.
- To replace and augment the capacity of aging satellites like GSAT-12.
- To support secure and reliable communication for strategic sectors and rural outreach.
Salient Characteristics:
- Frequency Band: Operates in the extended-C band, providing services primarily to the Indian mainland, Andaman & Nicobar, and Lakshadweep islands.
- Mission Life: Estimated to function for over 7 years.
- Launch Vehicle: Deployed by PSLV-C50 into a geostationary orbit.
- Coverage: Designed to offer pan-India coverage, especially improving connectivity in remote and island territories.
- Indigenously Developed: Fully developed and integrated by ISRO, showcasing India’s self-reliance in space technology.
Significance
- Enhances India’s satellite-based communication infrastructure.
- Provides connectivity to remote & island regions.
- Strengthens Digital India vision.
- Ensures self-reliance in communication technology.
- Improves resilience in disaster management & social sectors (health, education).
Conclusion:
CMS-01 plays a crucial role in India’s digital and communication revolution. By enhancing satellite communication capabilities, it supports national objectives like Digital India and empowers remote regions with reliable connectivity.
- What is the vision of National Remote Sensing Service Center (NRSC) Hyderabad? Discuss its mandate with suitable examples.
| Understanding the Question | The question is about the vision and mandate of NRSC, Hyderabad – a key centre of ISRO responsible for satellite data acquisition, processing, and applications. Focus is on its objectives, mandate, and examples of its role in governance, research, and development. |
| Scope | · Explain NRSC as a premier ISRO centre for remote sensing.
· State its vision. · Discuss mandate – data acquisition, processing, dissemination, and applications in natural resources, environment, and disaster management. · Give examples of NRSC’s role in agriculture, water resources, urban planning, disaster management. |
| Things to Avoid | · Don’t confuse NRSC with ISRO’s launch centres (it is about data, not launches).
· Avoid generic statements like “NRSC helps India grow” – link functions to specific applications (agriculture, disaster, planning). · Don’t mix NRSC with navigation or communication satellites (it’s focused on remote sensing & EO applications). |
Answer:
Introduction:
The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), a key arm of ISRO based in Hyderabad, is responsible for ground-based operations related to Earth observation satellites. It plays a central role in acquiring, processing, archiving, and distributing satellite data to users across India.
Vision
The vision of the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, is:
“To enable the advancement of Earth Observation (EO) and geospatial technologies for sustainable development and national security.”
It seeks to make space-based information and services accessible for governance, development, disaster management, and research.
Mandate of NRSC with Examples
| Mandate Areas | Description & Examples |
| 1. Satellite Data Reception & Processing | Operates ground stations to receive & process data from Indian & foreign EO satellites. Example: Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat, RISAT series. |
| 2. Data Archiving & Dissemination | Acts as national data repository; ensures user access. Example: Bhuvan Geoportal, Bhoonidhi (National Data Archive). |
| 3. Thematic Mapping & Applications | Develops maps & geospatial layers for natural resources, agriculture, forestry, water, and urban planning. Example: National Land Use/Land Cover mapping, CAPE (Crop Acreage & Production Estimation). |
| 4. Disaster Management Support (DMS) | Provides real-time satellite data for disaster preparedness, monitoring & relief. Example: Kerala floods mapping, cyclone monitoring, Himalayan landslide zonation. |
| 5. Capacity Building | Conducts training & outreach in RS & GIS for officials, researchers, and students. Example: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun supports NRSC training. |
| 6. National Projects Support | Supplies EO data & geospatial inputs for flagship programmes. Example: Digital India Land Records Modernization, Smart Cities Mission, National Resource Census. |
| 7. International Collaboration | Works with international agencies for global disaster monitoring & EO data exchange. Example: Sentinel Asia (for disaster monitoring in Asia-Pacific). |
Significance
- Strengthens evidence-based policy and governance.
- Supports Digital India and natural resource conservation.
- Improves disaster preparedness & resilience.
- Encourages research, innovation & capacity building.
- Enhances self-reliance in space-based Earth observation.
Conclusion
The NRSC (Hyderabad) is the nodal center of ISRO for Earth observation applications. By providing timely, accurate, and reliable geospatial data, it supports policy-making, environmental sustainability, disaster resilience, and developmental planning. It thus plays a critical role in India’s journey towards Digital India, sustainable development, and national security.
- What is Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)? Describe the significance and objectives of BHS in Himachal Pradesh.
1. Understanding the Keyword:
2. Scope (What to Include): · Definition of BHS: o Legal foundation under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (Section 37). o Clearly state that these are unique, ecologically fragile ecosystems with rich biodiversity, both wild and domesticated. o Differentiate from Protected Areas (like National Parks) by highlighting that BHS focuses on community-managed areas with cultural and ethical values. · Significance for Himachal Pradesh: o Conservation of Unique Habitats: Protecting fragile alpine meadows, sacred groves (Devvans), and traditional agricultural landscapes that fall outside the formal protected area network. o Preserving Agro-biodiversity: Securing landraces of crops like traditional barley (Satha), beans, and temperate fruits that are vital for food security and climate resilience. o Linking Culture and Conservation: Recognizing and legally backing the conservation ethos embedded in Himachal’s culture, such as sacred groves. · Objectives of BHS in Himachal Pradesh: o Formal Recognition: To give legal identity and recognition to areas of high biodiversity significance. o Community-Led Conservation: To empower local communities as the primary custodians and managers of their natural heritage. o Documentation & Knowledge Preservation: To document and protect associated traditional knowledge and cultural practices. o Sustainable Use: To ensure that the use of biological resources is sustainable and benefits the local people. o Awareness and Education: To create awareness about the value of biodiversity and promote conservation. 3. Things to Avoid:
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Answer:
A Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) is a legally defined area under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, that is uniquely rich in wild and domesticated biodiversity. It encompasses ecosystems with significant biological, ecological, or cultural value, such as sacred groves, pristine forest patches, pre-historic crops, or landscapes of exceptional aesthetic value. Unlike National Parks or Sanctuaries, which often have strict regulations excluding human activity, BHS emphasizes community-led conservation and sustainable use, recognizing the inseparable link between local people and their natural heritage.
Significance of BHS in Himachal Pradesh
- Conserving Fragile and Unique Ecosystems:It gives legal protection to important ecological areas that aren’t part of official protected zones. This helps conserve unique habitats like Lahaul-Spiti’s alpine meadows, Sirmaur’s temperate rainforests, and the sacred groves found across the state.
- Safeguarding Agro-biodiversity:Himachal Pradesh holds many ancient crop and fruit varieties. Declaring areas as BHS protects the genetic diversity of traditional crops like Satha (barley), Kala Zeera (black cumin), and local apples, beans, and pulses, supporting climate resilience and local food security.
- Maintaining Cultural and Ecological Linkages:Many landscapes in HP are conserved through cultural and religious practices. Declaring them as BHS legally acknowledges and strengthens this traditional conservation ethos, ensuring that sacred lakes, groves, and mountains continue to be protected by the communities that revere them.
- Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods:By recognizing the uniqueness of an area, a BHS can boost eco-tourism, rural tourism, and the marketing of unique local products (like heritage grains or medicinal plants), providing sustainable economic incentives for conservation to local communities.
Objectives of BHS in Himachal Pradesh
The primary objectives behind notifying BHS in the state are:
- To Provide Formal Identity and Protection:The main objective is to give a distinct legal identity to invaluable biodiversity-rich areas, ensuring they are conserved and managed as a heritage for future generations.
- To Empower Local Communities:To decentralize conservation by making local bodies and communities the primary decision-makers and custodians of their natural heritage, fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility.
- To Document and Conserve Traditional Knowledge:To systematically document the rich associated traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, agricultural practices, and resource management, and to protect it from misappropriation.
- To Ensure Sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing:To frame management plans that allow for the sustainable use of biological resources and ensure that the benefits arising from their use, such as through Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), are shared with the local communities.
- To Enhance Public Awareness and Education:To use these sites as living laboratories to create awareness about the value of biodiversity, promote research, and educate citizens, especially the youth, about the importance of conservation.
In conclusion, Biodiversity Heritage Sites safeguard Himachal’s unique natural and agricultural heritage, ensuring ecological balance and food security for future generations.
- Discuss the Ramsar sites in India in terms of their present status, the criteria they meet, and their ecological significance.
Answer:
Introduction
The Ramsar Convention (1971) is an international treaty for the conservation and wise use of wetlands of international importance. India acceded to it on 1 February 1982, and since then has steadily expanded its network of Ramsar sites. Wetlands recognized under this framework gain global recognition and legal-political commitment for sustainable use.
Present Status (2025)
- Number of Ramsar Sites: 93 wetlands
- Total Area: ~6 lakh hectares.
- Leading States: Tamil Nadu (20 sites), followed by Uttar Pradesh (10).
- New Additions (2025): Khichan & Menar (Rajasthan); Sakkarakottai, Therthangal (Tamil Nadu); Khecheopalri (Sikkim); Udhwa Lake (Jharkhand). Two wetlands in Bihar, Gokul Jalashay in Buxar and Udaipur Jheel in West Champaran, have been designated as Ramsar sites, in September 2025.
- States with no Ramsar sites: Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland.
- This expansion indicates India’s increasing commitment, though ground-level protection remains uneven.
Criteria Met by Indian Ramsar Sites
A wetland must meet at least 1 of 9 criteria, such as supporting 20,000+ waterbirds or conserving biodiversity.
Ramsar has 9 international criteria, which Indian sites fulfill variably:
- Criterion 1 (Unique/representative wetlands) – Wular Lake (J&K), Tso Moriri (Ladakh).
- Criterion 2 (Threatened species) – Ganges river dolphin, Sarus crane (Upper Ganga, Keoladeo).
- Criterion 3 (Life-cycle support) – Chilika, Point Calimere as staging grounds for migratory birds.
- Criterion 5 (Large waterbird populations) – Keoladeo Ghana, Nal Sarovar.
- Criterion 7 (Fish spawning/nursery grounds) – Chilika, Bhitarkanika mangroves.
Most Indian Ramsar sites qualify under multiple criteria, reflecting their high ecological value.
Ecological and Socio-ecological Significance
- Biodiversity Conservation – Habitat for migratory birds (Central Asian Flyway), endangered fauna, and endemic flora.
- Hydrological Regulation – Aquifer recharge, flood control, drought buffering (Loktak, East Kolkata wetlands).
- Climate Resilience – Carbon sequestration by mangroves, peatlands; storm protection in coastal belts.
- Livelihood Support – Fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, tourism (e.g., Chilika sustains fisher families).
- Cultural & Educational Value – Loktak’s phumdis, Sikkim’s sacred Khecheopalri Lake, research and ecotourism.
Challenges
- Encroachment and unregulated land-use change.
- Industrial effluents, sewage, agricultural runoff.
- Water diversion, dams, and altered hydrology.
- Invasive species (e.g., water hyacinth).
- Weak institutional capacity, low community involvement.
Conclusion
By 2025, India’s Ramsar network stands at 93 wetlands, spanning diverse ecosystems from high-altitude lakes to coastal mangroves. These wetlands are vital for biodiversity conservation, water security, climate resilience, and livelihoods. Yet, designation alone is insufficient as sustained restoration, robust governance, and local participation are essential for ensuring that these ecological treasures remain protected both on paper and in practice.
- What are the major limitations of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process in India? Suggest measures to overcome them.
Answer:
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a statutory tool under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, meant to evaluate environmental consequences of development projects before clearance. While intended to balance development with sustainability, its effectiveness in India faces several challenges.
Major Limitations of EIA in India
- Poor Quality of Reports – Often prepared by project proponents or consultants with inadequate baseline data, leading to biased assessments.
- Post-clearance Compliance Issues – Weak monitoring and enforcement; many projects violate conditions without strict penalties.
- Public Participation Deficit – Hearings are frequently reduced to a token formality, with limited awareness and accessibility for local communities.
- Exemptions & Dilutions – Recent amendments (e.g., 2020 Draft EIA Notification) allow post-facto clearances and exemptions for certain projects, weakening safeguards.
- Institutional Weaknesses – Expert Appraisal Committees (EACs) often face lack of independence and technical expertise, leading to conflict of interest.
- Cumulative Impact Neglect – EIA generally evaluates projects in isolation, ignoring regional or sectoral cumulative impacts.
- Time Pressure & Delays – Emphasis on speedy clearances undermines comprehensive environmental scrutiny.
Measures to Strengthen EIA
- Strengthening Legal Framework – Ensure independence of EACs, strict timelines for monitoring, and penalties for false data.
- Capacity Building – Train and accredit professional EIA consultants with accountability mechanisms.
- Enhancing Public Participation – Conduct hearings in local languages, use ICT tools for awareness, and ensure genuine community engagement.
- Transparency & Accountability – Make all EIA reports, compliance data, and monitoring results publicly accessible.
- Cumulative & Strategic Assessments – Adopt Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and regional-level EIAs to address broader ecological concerns.
- Robust Monitoring Mechanism – Independent third-party audits and use of remote sensing, GIS, and real-time data for compliance checks.
Conclusion
The EIA process in India, though a vital environmental safeguard, suffers from structural and procedural weaknesses. Strengthening its transparency, scientific rigor, and public inclusiveness will ensure that development remains sustainable without compromising ecological security but new draft EIA Notification 2020 with reduced time period for public hearing and exemption to various projects further weaken the EIA intent.
- Define the concepts of eco-tourism and green tourism. How do they contribute to the sustainable development of a state like Himachal Pradesh?
1. Understanding the Keyword:
2. Scope (What to Include):
3. Things to Avoid:
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Answer:
Eco-tourism and green tourism are two distinct but complementary approaches to sustainable travel, each playing a crucial role in the sustainable development of a fragile and culturally rich state like Himachal Pradesh.
Defining the Concepts
- Eco-tourism: Eco-tourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, supports local communities, and educates visitors about nature and culture. Its main focus is on protecting ecosystems while providing meaningful experiences.
- Example:A guided trek through the Great Himalayan National Park (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), where tourists learn about the local flora and fauna, stay in small eco-camps, and their fees contribute to park management and local village funds.
- Green Tourism: Green tourism is a broader concept that focuses on managing the entire tourism industry in a more environmentally responsible and resource-efficient way. It applies to all forms of tourism, not just nature-based. It aims to minimize the environmental impact of tourism activities.
- Example:A hotel in Shimla that uses solar water heating, has a rainwater harvesting system, practices waste segregation, and sources its food from local organic farms.
Contribution to Sustainable Development in Himachal Pradesh
- Funding Conservation:Eco-tourism generates direct revenue for protected areas through entry fees and permits. This money can fund anti-poaching efforts, trail maintenance, and research, as seen in the Great Himalayan National Park and Pin Valley National Park.
- Reducing Ecological Footprint:Green tourism practices (e.g., water-saving fixtures, solar power, and ban on single-use plastics) directly reduce the strain on Himachal’s limited resources and help manage the severe solid waste problem in hill stations.
- Biodiversity Protection:By creating economic value for pristine ecosystems, local communities become their active protectors, discouraging activities like illegal logging or poaching.
- Rural Employment and Poverty Alleviation:Eco-tourism creates jobs in remote areas as guides, porters, homestay owners, and providers of local cuisine and handicrafts. This provides a viable alternative to subsistence farming and checks out-migration.
- Empowerment of Local Communities:Homestays, particularly those run by women’s self-help groups, ensure that income stays within the community, leading to women’s financial empowerment and more equitable development.
- Cultural Preservation:Tourists seeking authentic experiences create a market for the preservation of traditional Himachali culture like unique Kath-Kuni architecture, local festivals like Kullu Dussehra, or traditional crafts like Kullu shawls.
- Decentralization of Tourism:These models promote tourism in lesser-known areas like Tirthan Valley, Chamba, or Lahaul, reducing the crippling pressure on hotspots like Manali and Shimla.
In conclusion, eco-tourism and green tourism provide a holistic framework for Himachal Pradesh to leverage its natural and cultural capital without destroying it. For Himachal Pradesh, which faces immense pressure from conventional mass tourism, these models are not alternatives but necessities for long-term survival.
Answer to Question No. 11 to 20 should not exceed 225 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 12 marks.
- How have international financial organizations influenced India’s approach to global trade, investment and sustainable development goals?
Answer:
India’s engagement with international financial organizations has significantly shaped its economic policies and development trajectory. The World Trade Organization (WTO), World Bank, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have been instrumental in influencing India’s approach to global trade, investment, and sustainable development.
Impact on Global Trade
- Dispute Resolution: India has shown commitment to multilateral trading system by resolving seven trade disputes with the US at WTO between 2023-25, demonstrating increased trade diplomacy.
- Policy Harmonization: International organizations have encouraged India to align its trade policies with global standards, leading to reduced tariffs and non-tariff barriers.
- Technical Cooperation: WTO’s capacity-building initiatives have helped India enhance its trade infrastructure and regulatory frameworks.
Investment Framework Evolution
- FDI Liberalization: Under international guidance, India has progressively liberalized its FDI policies, resulting in FDI equity inflows of US$ 50.01 billion in FY25, marking a 13% increase.
- Sectoral Growth: International financial institutions have supported targeted investments in priority sectors like:
- Services sector
- Computer software and hardware
- Digital infrastructure
Sustainable Development Goals Implementation
- Resource Mobilization: World Bank Group’s Partnership Fund for SDGshas provided crucial financial support for sustainable development initiatives.
- Infrastructure Development: International organizations estimate that India needs 2% of GDP annuallyfor achieving SDGs in:
- Health and education
- Water and sanitation
- Electricity and roads
Way Forward
- Policy Integration: Enhanced coordination between domestic policies and international commitments.
- Capacity Building: Strengthening institutional mechanisms for better implementation of global best practices.
- Innovation Support: Leveraging international expertise for sustainable solutions.
International financial organizations have been catalysts in India’s journey towards becoming a Developed India by 2047, balancing economic growth with sustainable development through initiatives like Make in India and National Infrastructure Pipeline. Their continued support remains crucial for achieving India’s development objectives while maintaining global competitiveness.
- Discuss how the transition from Five Year Plans to the NITI Aayog framework has influenced public, private and joint sector dynamics.
Answer:
The transition from the era of Five-Year Plans (1951–2017) to the NITI Aayog framework (post-2015) marked a structural shift in India’s planning philosophy. While the Planning Commission functioned with a command-and-control approach and public sector dominance, NITI Aayog embodies cooperative and competitive federalism, emphasising partnership, market efficiency, and dynamic policy feedback. This transition has had notable implications for the dynamics of the public, private, and joint sectors.
Influence on Public Sector
- Structural Transformation: Shift from rigid targets to flexible, outcome-based planning through initiatives like Aspirational Districts Programand State Institution for Transformation (SITs) for better governance.
- Evidence-Based Policymaking: Introduction of Data Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO)for comprehensive review of schemes and programs, enhancing public sector efficiency.
- Focus on Innovation: Implementation of Atal Innovation Missionand National Data Analytics Platform to modernize public sector operations and service delivery.
- According to Economic Survey 2024-25, central PSUs’ capital expenditure reached ₹4.3 lakh crore in FY24, mainly in petroleum, power, and defence, but their relative GDP share is declining. Disinvestment receipts, however, fell short at ₹44,000 crore (vs. ₹61,000 crore target), reflecting challenges in public-sector downsizing.
Private Sector Dynamics
- Investment Promotion: Strategic focus on addressing the projected 25% decrease in private capital expenditurethrough targeted interventions and policy reforms.
- Sector-Specific Initiatives: Transformation of approach in key sectors like Electric Vehicles (EVs) from incentive-based to mandate-driven policies.
- Infrastructure Development: Creation of frameworks to encourage private participation in infrastructure projects through PPP models.
- Gross fixed capital formation rose to 5% of GDP in FY24, with private sector share crossing 75%, especially in manufacturing (PLI scheme in electronics, auto, and pharma). The Economic Survey 2024-25 notes record FDI inflows of USD 66.8 billion in FY24, reinforcing private sector dynamism.
Joint Sector Evolution
- Collaborative Framework: Development of partnership models between public and private sectors for achieving the vision of “Strategy for New India @ 75”.
- Sustainable Development: Integration of UN SDGsinto national planning, promoting joint responsibility for environmental and social goals.
- Technology Integration: Promotion of digital platforms and innovation ecosystems that facilitate public-private collaboration.
- Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) have expanded significantly. The National Infrastructure Pipeline includes 8,000+ projects worth ₹111 lakh crore, with nearly 40% expected from PPPs. In health, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission and PM-JAY use joint frameworks for service delivery.
- Economic Growth: Focus on accelerating growth to 9-10%and achieving a $5 trillion economy by 2027-28.
- Policy Analysis: Regular evaluation of government schemes and programs through public finance principles.
- Strategic Planning: Development of comprehensive strategies for key sectors like Methanol Economyand sustainable development.
The transformation from Five Year Plans to NITI Aayog has created a more dynamic, inclusive, and responsive planning framework, exemplified by initiatives like Poshan Abhiyan and the SDG India Index. The success of this transition will be crucial in achieving India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047.
- How have hydro potential and tourism sectors influenced the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Himachal Pradesh? Discuss.
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh, endowed with abundant natural resources, derives much of its economic strength from hydropower potential and tourism. These twin sectors have transformed the state’s economic structure, significantly shaping its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).
Hydropower influence on GSDP
Direct Contribution
- Himachal possesses nearly 27,436 MW potential (~25% of India’s hydro capacity). The generation and sale of electricity directly contribute to the GSDP under the secondary sector. Projects like Nathpa Jhakri, Parbati, Koldam contribute value under the ‘Electricity’ sector.
- Hydropower royalties form a major share of non-tax revenue. These royalties are a direct source of non-tax revenue for the state, which is used to fund development works, social services, and infrastructure, thereby stimulating other sectors of the economy.
Indirect Contributions
- It boosts industrial growth (e.g., Baddi-Barotiwala-Nalagarh belt). Reliable and often cheaper power has been a key incentive for establishing industries in the state
- The construction of hydropower projects has led to the development of critical infrastructure in remote, inaccessible areas. This includes roads, bridges, and transmission lines, which benefit other economic activities like tourism, horticulture, and agriculture by improving connectivity and access to markets.
- Provides employment during construction and operation. This increases household incomes, leading to higher consumption and demand, which further stimulates the economy.
Challenges
- Environmental Costs:Deforestation, blasting, and tunneling can lead to ecological damage and landslides, potentially harming other key sectors like tourism and agriculture.
- Social Displacement:Local communities often face displacement and disruption, leading to social unrest.
- Geological Risks:The state lies in a seismically active zone, making large projects risky.
Tourism influence on GSDP
Direct Contribution
- Major part of tertiary sector (‘Trade, Hotels & Restaurants’). The direct spending by tourists on accommodation, food, travel, and shopping is captured in the GSDP under the tertiary sector.
- Tourist spending has a high multiplier effect, supporting services and trade. Money spent by a tourist circulates through the economy, benefiting a wide range of businesses from taxi drivers and hoteliers to local guides and souvenir sellers.
Indirect Contributions
- Mass employment in hotels, transport, handicrafts, food supply chains.
- Promotion of handicrafts, horticulture, local products.
- Regional development by opening up remote areas like Spiti and Kinnaur.
- Infrastructure upgrades like roads, airports, communication etc. benefit the whole economy.
Evolving Trends & Challenges
- Growth of adventure, eco- and wellness tourism.
- Over-tourism in Shimla, Manali, Dharamshala creates waste and water stress.
Together they drive structural transformation from agrarian dominance to services and industry. Hydropower provides revenue stability, while tourism ensures employment inclusivity. Their interdependence (e.g., power for hotels, roads for dams/tourists) deepens overall economic impact.
Hydropower and tourism are the twin pillars of Himachal’s GSDP. While hydropower anchors state revenues and industrial growth, tourism sustains livelihoods and balanced regional development. Going forward, the challenge lies in ensuring environmental sustainability and social inclusivity, so these sectors continue to fuel a robust and resilient economy.
- What are the advantages of renewable energy? Describe the contribution of renewable energy for sustainable development.
Answer:
Introduction
Renewable energy refers to energy derived from naturally replenishing resources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal. With rising climate concerns and depletion of fossil fuels, renewable energy has become a key driver of sustainable growth.
Advantages of Renewable Energy
- Environment-friendly – Reduces greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and dependence on fossil fuels.
- Energy Security – Provides a domestic and inexhaustible source of energy, reducing import dependence.
- Employment Generation – Creates green jobs in installation, maintenance, and manufacturing.
- Inclusive Growth – Decentralized renewable solutions like solar pumps and micro-grids benefit rural communities.
- Economic Stability – Protects against volatility of global oil and gas prices.
- Technological Advancement – Encourages innovation in energy storage, smart grids, and clean technologies.
Contribution of Renewable Energy to Sustainable Development
- Environmental Sustainability – Helps achieve India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement by reducing carbon footprint.
- Social Sustainability – Provides energy access to remote villages, improving education, healthcare, and quality of life.
- Economic Sustainability – Attracts investment and boosts rural economy through schemes like PM-KUSUM (solar pumps) and rooftop solar projects.
- Alignment with SDGs – Directly supports SDG-7 (Affordable & Clean Energy), SDG-13 (Climate Action), and indirectly SDG-8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth).
- Indian Context – India’s renewable energy installed capacity crossed 180 GW in 2024, contributing significantly towards the target of 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030.
Conclusion
Renewable energy is not just an alternative but a necessity for India’s sustainable future. It ensures a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social welfare, making it central to the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat and a low-carbon economy.
- What is “One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG)” scheme of Government of India? Describe significant achievements in the Solar Sector in India.
Answer
Introduction:
The One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) initiative is a visionary global solar energy project proposed by India in 2018. It aims to create a trans-national electricity grid connecting solar power resources across countries, enabling the sharing of solar energy across time zones and geographies. The project is aligned with India’s commitment to renewable energy, energy security, and combating climate change.
- One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) – Key Features:
- Global Solar Grid: Connects countries via a common electricity transmission network.
- Continuous Power Supply: Ensures availability of solar energy 24/7 by sharing surplus energy from regions in daytime to others in nighttime.
- Collaboration: Encourages international cooperation in renewable energy, especially in South Asia, Middle East, Africa, and beyond.
- Goal: Accelerate the adoption of clean energy and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
- Implementation Strategy:
- Phase-wise integration: Regional grids → Continental grids → Global grid.
- Focus on renewable energy trading, technology sharing, and standardization.
- Significance of OSOWOG:
- Reduces carbon emissions and mitigates climate change.
- Enhances energy security and reliability.
- Promotes cost-effective renewable energy solutions.
- Strengthens geopolitical collaboration on energy resources.
- Achievements in Solar Sector in India:
| Achievement | Details |
| Installed Capacity | India achieved 63.3 GW of grid-connected solar power as of 2025, making it the 4th largest solar market globally. |
| Renewable Energy Targets | India is on track to meet 500 GW renewable energy target by 2030, with 300 GW from solar. |
| International Solar Alliance (ISA) | India launched ISA in 2015 to promote solar energy adoption globally, with 120+ member countries. |
| Large-Scale Solar Parks | Development of mega solar parks like Bhadla Solar Park (Rajasthan – 2.25 GW), Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park (Andhra Pradesh – 1 GW). |
| Solar Rooftop Expansion | Growth of solar rooftops to 12 GW in urban and semi-urban areas. |
| Technological Advances | Adoption of floating solar projects, hybrid solar-wind systems, and advanced solar PV technologies. |
| Policy Support | Solar Energy Policy, viability gap funding, production-linked incentive schemes promoting domestic manufacturing of solar modules. |
Conclusion:
OSOWOG represents India’s leadership in promoting global clean energy collaboration, while India’s domestic solar sector achievements demonstrate strong progress towards sustainable, affordable, and reliable energy. These initiatives not only reduce dependence on fossil fuels but also strengthen India’s position as a renewable energy hub globally.
- What is the policy for the Registration and Protection of Geographical Indications of Goods in Himachal Pradesh? Describe the registered geographical indications of Himachal Pradesh.
| Understanding the Question | The question is about GI (Geographical Indication) products and Himachal Pradesh’s pioneering policy for GI registration & protection. Focus is on the policy framework, institutional role, and examples of registered GIs. |
| Scope | · Define GI and its legal framework in India.
· Explain Himachal’s GI Policy and implementing agencies. · Mention key features of the policy. · Provide examples of registered GIs. · Discuss its role in heritage, economy, and livelihoods. |
| Things to Avoid | · Don’t confuse GI with patents, copyrights, or trademarks (GI is location-linked).
· Avoid giving examples from other states unless specifically asked. · Don’t give vague benefits – link them to Himachal’s artisans, farmers, and rural economy. · Don’t assume every handicraft is GI-tagged unless officially registered. |
Answer:
Introduction:
A Geographical Indication (GI) is a tag used on products with a specific geographical origin and qualities or reputation due to that origin. In India, GIs are governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. H.P became the 1st State to Formulate “Policy for the Registration and Protection of Geographical Indications of Goods in Himachal Pradesh”. H.P Patent Information Centre files application on behalf of any association of persons, producers, organization in the State of H.P.
Policy for GI Registration in Himachal Pradesh:
The Himachal Pradesh government, through its Department of Industries and State Council for Science, Technology & Environment (HIMCOSTE), actively facilitates the identification, registration, and promotion of GI products.
Key policy features include:
- Identification of Unique Traditional Products
The first step in GI protection is identifying products that are unique to a particular geographic region and have special qualities or a reputation due to that origin.
- In Himachal Pradesh, this includes handicrafts, agricultural products, and medicinal herbs that are closely associated with the local culture, climate, and traditional knowledge.
- Examples: Kullu Shawl (handwoven patterns), Kangra Tea (aromatic tea), Himachali Chulli Oil (apricot kernel oil).
- Identification ensures that only genuinely regional products are registered, preventing misuse of the GI tag by producers from outside the region.
- Support for Documentation and Application Filing
Once a product is identified, the GI policy provides assistance for preparing the required documentation and filing the application under the GI Act, 1999.
- The process involves gathering historical, cultural, and technical information about the product, its production process, and its link to the region.
- The HP Patent Information Centre (HPPIC) helps producer groups, associations, and local organizations with proper filing to the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademarks.
- This support reduces legal and procedural barriers for artisans and small farmers who may not be familiar with intellectual property law.
- Legal Aid for Protection Against Infringement
The policy ensures that GI-protected products are legally defended against unauthorized use or imitation.
- Legal aid includes support in monitoring markets, filing complaints, and taking action against entities that misrepresent non-GI products as authentic.
- This safeguards the economic interests and reputation of producers while maintaining the authenticity of regional products.
- Branding and Marketing Assistance for GI Products
To maximize the economic and cultural benefits, the policy promotes branding and marketing of GI products.
- Producers receive guidance on creating a brand identity linked to the GI tag, packaging, labeling, and promotional strategies.
- Marketing assistance includes participation in trade fairs, exhibitions, and online marketing platforms, both nationally and internationally.
- Example: Kullu Shawls and Chamba Rumals are marketed globally with their GI tag, increasing demand and revenue for local artisans.
- Capacity Building of Producers and Artisans
The policy emphasizes training and empowering local producers to sustain quality and production standards.
- Capacity building programs focus on skill development, quality improvement, sustainable production practices, and business management.
- Workshops, awareness sessions, and training help artisans understand the importance of GI, quality compliance, and market requirements.
- This ensures long-term preservation of traditional crafts and agricultural practices, while increasing income and livelihood security for rural communities.
Registered GIs of Himachal Pradesh:
- Kullu Shawl – Handwoven woolen shawls with geometric patterns.
- Chamba Rumal – Intricate embroidery using double satin stitch.
- Kangra Tea – Aromatic tea known for its light color and health benefits.
- Kinnauri Shawl – Ethnic woolen shawls with unique designs.
- Lahauli Socks and Gloves – Hand-knit woolens with traditional patterns.
- Chamba Chappal – Handmade leather footwear with embroidery.
- Himachali Kala Zeera (Black Cumin) – Aromatic spice grown in high-altitude tribal areas.
- Himachali Chulli Oil – Traditional apricot kernel oil with medicinal value.
Conclusion:
GI protection in Himachal not only preserves traditional knowledge but also promotes rural economy, exports, and cultural heritage, empowering local artisans and farmers.
Chamba Rumal
- The Rumal is a Persian word for handkerchief, a square piece of cloth, and the term Chamba Rumal is associated with for the embroidered work done on the hand spun ‘khaddar’ or a fine muslin cloth, which is in square and oblong format. Chamba Rumal is a pictorial craft that represents unique embroidery, which originated and flourished during 17th –18th centuries in Chamba town in the State of Himachal Pradesh.
- The “dorukha-tanka” the double satin stitch that is used in the Chamba Rumal embroidery is unique, which is not noticed in anywhere else in Indian embroidery tradition. This stitch placed closely side by side brings such extraordinary effect that the embroidery comes out strikingly identical on either side of the Rumal. Knot does not appear in the threads used in embroidery. The drawing is done in the outline with fine charcoal and brush by painters well – versed in Pahari painting. Chamba Rumal was registered Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act,1999 on 22 January 2007.
Kangra Painting
- Kangra art is the visual expression of a cultural movement with roots in a great spiritual upsurge. The principal centre of Kangra paintings was Kangra Valley where the artists worked under the patronage of the hill Rajas of Guler, Kangra and Nurpur.
- Bhakti cult was the driving force and the love story of Radha and Krishna was the main source of spiritual experience, which was also the base for the visual expression. In some miniatures, the blue-god Krishna is seen dancing in the lush woodlands and every maiden’s eye are drawn to him. The sentiment of love remained the inspiration and the central theme of Kangra painting. The paintings were naturalistic and employed cool, fresh colors. The colors were extracted from inerals,vegetables and possessed enamel-like luster.
- Kangra Painting was registered under Geographical Indication of goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 on 2nd April 2012 obtaining Geographical indication No. 381.
Kangra Tea
- Kangra tea industry occupied prime position with respect to its quality from the last quarter of nineteenth century to beginning of twentieth century. Tea made in Kangra during this period was comparable with that of any part of India. The mention of quality of Kangra tea in the #Gazetteer of Kangra district (1882-83) is like this “The tea now made is probably superior to that produced in any other part of India. The demand for it has been steadily increasing and much is now bought up by natives for export via Peshawar to Kabul and Central Asia”. The gold and silver medals won by the Kangra tea in London and Amsterdam markets in the late nineteenth century (1886 to 1895) bear testimony of its quality at international level. The tea made in the hot weather used to be second to none and was sold as well as any. The Kangra valley during 1920’s produced nearly half the green tea manufactured in India, and it was exported to Afghanistan and Iran.
- Kangra tea is derived from the leaves, buds and tender stems of plants the botanical name of tea plants is Camellia sinensis or Thea sinensis grown in Kangra Valley & Jogindernagar area of Mandi District and Bhatiyat Tehsil of Chamba District is mainly produced in the southern slopes of Dhauladhar ranges of western Himalayas within the altitude range of 900m to 1400 m. Kangra Tea was registered under Geographical Indication of goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 on 2nd April, 2012
- Describe the broad Policy objectives for accelerating the pace of Hydro power development in India as per Govt of India Hydro Power Policy 2008. What are the reasons for fall in hydro power generation in 2023-24 as compared to 2022-23?
Answer:
Introduction:
Hydropower is a renewable, clean, and flexible source of energy and constitutes an important component of India’s energy mix. To harness India’s estimated 148 GW hydropower potential efficiently, the Government of India formulated the Hydro Power Policy, 2008, which lays down guidelines to accelerate hydropower development.
- Broad Policy Objectives of Hydro Power Policy, 2008:
- Optimal Utilization of Hydropower Potential
- Encourage exploitation of untapped potential in Himalayan and Peninsular regions.
- Promotion of Private Sector Participation
- Attract private investments through incentives such as viability gap funding, single-window clearances, and transparent bidding.
- Development of Pumped Storage Projects
- Facilitate energy storage and grid stability, particularly to meet peak load demand.
- Environmental and Social Responsibility
- Ensure minimal ecological impact and proper rehabilitation/resettlement of affected communities.
- Capacity Addition Targets
- Set ambitious targets to expand hydropower capacity in alignment with national energy requirements.
- Integration with National Grid
- Promote smooth and efficient connectivity of hydropower projects with the national grid.
- Research and Development (R&D)
- Support technological innovation for improving efficiency, reducing costs, and promoting sustainable development.
- Reasons for Decline in Hydropower Generation in 2023-24 Compared to 2022-23:
- Erratic and Below-Average Rainfall
- Weak monsoon and climatic anomalies, including El Niño, led to insufficient inflow into reservoirs.
- Low Reservoir Levels
- Reservoirs recorded the lowest levels in five years, directly affecting generation.
- Increased Dependence on Coal
- Shortfall in hydropower caused higher reliance on coal-fired generation (up 13.9%), reducing hydropower share in energy mix.
- Climate Change Impacts
- Unpredictable weather patterns have disrupted the seasonal availability of water.
- Project Delays
- Hydropower projects faced delays due to geological challenges, natural calamities, and contractual disputes.
- Infrastructure Damages
- Floods and other natural disasters damaged hydropower infrastructure, leading to temporary shutdowns (e.g., Larji project in Himachal Pradesh).
Conclusion:
While the Hydro Power Policy, 2008, provides a comprehensive framework for accelerating hydropower development, climate variability, infrastructure challenges, and project delays remain major hurdles. Strengthening climate-resilient infrastructure, promoting timely project execution, and enhancing private sector participation are crucial to realizing India’s hydropower potential.
- Examine the role of rainwater harvesting in addressing India’s water scarcity challenges. Mention traditional and modern methods used for rainwater harvesting.
Answer:
Introduction
India, home to 18% of the world’s population but only 4% of freshwater resources, faces acute water scarcity due to over-extraction of groundwater, erratic monsoons, and climate change. Rainwater harvesting (RWH)—the collection and storage of rainwater for future use—is a vital strategy to augment water availability and reduce dependence on over-stressed resources.
Role of Rainwater Harvesting in Addressing Water Scarcity
- Augments Water Supply – RWH supplements drinking water, irrigation, and domestic needs, especially in drought-prone and arid regions.
- Groundwater Recharge – Helps in replenishing falling water tables (India extracts ~251 bcm of groundwater annually, the highest globally).
- Reduces Flooding & Soil Erosion – By capturing surface runoff, it minimizes waterlogging and land degradation.
- Climate Resilience – Provides decentralized, reliable water in times of erratic monsoons and rising demand.
- Urban Water Security – In cities facing “Day Zero” situations (e.g., Chennai, Bengaluru), rooftop harvesting reduces pressure on municipal supply.
Traditional Methods of Rainwater Harvesting in India
India has a rich legacy of indigenous practices:
- Johads – Earthen check dams in Rajasthan for groundwater recharge.
- Bawaris & Baolis – Stepwells in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi for storage and community use.
- Zabo (Nagaland) – Catchment-based system integrating agriculture, forestry, and livestock.
- Kunds/Tankas – Underground tanks in Thar desert for drinking water.
- Eri System (Tamil Nadu) – Ancient tanks for irrigation and recharge.
These methods showcase community participation and eco-friendly water conservation.
Modern Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
- Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting – Collecting rainwater from roofs into storage tanks or recharge pits.
- Recharge Wells & Pits – Direct percolation of water into aquifers.
- Percolation Tanks & Check Dams – Small structures to store monsoon runoff.
- Recharge Trenches – Used in semi-urban areas for percolation.
- Smart Urban Systems – Integration with stormwater drains, GIS mapping, and sensor-based monitoring in cities.
Challenges in Implementation
- Lack of awareness and community participation.
- Poor maintenance of structures.
- Urban encroachment on catchments.
- Policy gaps in mandatory rooftop harvesting enforcement.
Conclusion
Rainwater harvesting is not just a supplementary technique but a strategic necessity for India’s water security. By combining traditional practices with modern innovations, and ensuring community participation, India can mitigate water scarcity and build resilience against climate change.
- Discuss the recent scientific and technological innovations in Indian agriculture. How have these contributed in improving crop productivity, sustainability and income security?
Introduction
Indian agriculture faces problems like small landholdings, climate change, water shortage and low incomes. Recent scientific and technological innovations are helping farmers overcome these challenges.
Recent Innovations
- New crop varieties – heat/drought resistant wheat (PBW-826, Punjab), short-duration pigeon pea (ICRISAT).
- Nano-urea & bio-inputs – reduce chemical use, lower cost, maintain soil health.
- Digital tools & drones – satellite advisory, weather forecast, pest detection, drone spraying of nano-urea/pesticides.
- Mechanisation – small machines, custom hiring centres, robotics for sowing/harvesting.
- Water-saving methods – drip, sprinkler, sensor-based irrigation.
- Value addition & market linkages – e-NAM, FPOs, cold chains, food processing (e.g. Kudumbashree–ICAR tie-up on tuber crops).
- AI and Machine Learning: AI and machine learning are used for yield forecasting and predicting pest or disease outbreaks by analyzing data from satellites and field sensors.
- Microbial Solutions: The use of microbial biofertilizers and biopesticides is gaining traction to improve soil health and provide natural pest control, reducing the use of synthetic chemicals.
How They Help
- Productivity: Higher yields, timely sowing/harvesting, better pest and disease management.
- Sustainability: Water conservation, reduced chemical load, improved soil health, and climate-resilient crops.
- Income Security: Combination of higher yields, lower input costs, and better prices through value addition and market access.
Challenges
- High cost of technology for small farmers.
- Lack of awareness, training, and infrastructure (cold chains, internet).
- Policy delays in biotech approvals.
Conclusion
Recent innovations are making Indian agriculture more productive, climate-resilient and farmer-friendly. With better training, infrastructure and affordable access, these technologies can ensure both sustainability and income security for farmers.
- Explain the various types of tourism (Religious, adventure and heritage) with suitable examples from Himachal Pradesh. How do these contribute to the state’s economy and cultural preservation?
1. Understanding the Keyword (Explain):
2. Scope (What to Include):
(i) Religious Tourism: Pilgrimage to sacred sites. Examples: Jwalamukhi Temple, Naina Devi Temple, Bhimakali Temple, Manikaran Sahib. (ii) Adventure Tourism: Travel involving exploration and physical activity. Examples: Paragliding in Bir Billing, trekking in Parvati Valley, skiing in Solang, river rafting in Kullu. (iii) Heritage Tourism: Travel to experience the culture and history of a place. Examples: The toy train to Shimla, the monasteries of Spiti & Dharamshala, the traditional architecture of Chamba.
(i) Direct Revenue: Income from accommodation, transport, entry fees, and guide services. (ii) Employment Generation: Jobs in hotels, travel agencies, as guides, porters, and drivers. (iii) Support to Local Industries: Boosts handicrafts, handlooms (Kullu Shawls, Kinnauri Caps), and local cuisine.
(i) Financial Incentive for Conservation: Tourism revenue provides funds and a compelling reason to restore and maintain ancient temples, monasteries, and palaces. (ii) Revival of Traditional Arts: Creates a market for local crafts, music, and dance, encouraging the younger generation to learn and preserve them. (iii) Promotion of Intangible Heritage: Festivals and local customs become tourist attractions, ensuring their continued practice and celebration. 3. Things to Avoid:
|
Answer:
Himachal Pradesh, with its diverse topography and rich cultural tapestry, has successfully developed a multi-faceted tourism model. The prominent forms are Religious, Adventure, and Heritage tourism not only drive the state’s economy but also play a pivotal role in preserving its unique identity.
Types of Tourism with Examples from Himachal Pradesh
- Religious Tourism: This involves travel to sacred sites and pilgrimage centres. Himachal is often called “Dev Bhoomi” (Land of the Gods), home to numerous revered shrines.
Examples:
- Jwalamukhi Temple (Kangra):A renowned temple dedicated to Goddess Jwalamukhi, featuring eternal natural flames.
- Naina Devi Temple (Bilaspur):A key Shakti Peeth, attracting thousands of pilgrims, especially during the Navratri festival.
- Manikaran Sahib (Kullu):A sacred site for both Sikhs and Hindus, known for its hot springs and the historic Gurudwara.
- Bhimakali Temple (Sarahan):A masterpiece of Himalayan architecture and a major Shakti Peeth.
- Adventure Tourism: This focuses on travel that involves physical activity, exploration, and often a degree of risk, leveraging the state’s mountainous terrain.
Examples:
- Paragliding in Bir Billing (Kangra):Bir Billing is internationally recognized as one of the world’s best paragliding sites, hosting world cups.
- Trekking in Parvati Valley & Spiti Valley:Offers challenging and scenic trails like the Pin Parvati Pass trek and routes to ancient villages.
- Skiing in Solang Valley (Manali):A premier winter destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other snow sports.
- River Rafting on the Beas River (Kullu):Provides thrilling white-water rafting experiences.
- Heritage Tourism: This involves visiting places of historical, architectural, or cultural significance to understand the legacy of a region.
Examples:
- Kalka-Shimla Toy Train:A UNESCO World Heritage Site, this narrow-gauge railway offers a journey through breathtaking landscapes and is a living monument to British-era engineering.
- Monasteries of Spiti & Dharamshala:Key Monastery (Spiti) and the Tsuglagkhang Complex (Dharamshala) are centres of Tibetan Buddhist culture, art, and learning.
- Heritage of Chamba:The town is known for its ancient temples (Lakshmi Narayan Temple), exquisite Chamba Rumal embroidery, and the traditional ‘Minjar’ fair.
Contribution to the State’s Economy and Cultural Preservation
- Contribution to the State’s Economy:
- Revenue and Employment:Tourism is a primary revenue generator. It creates vast direct and indirect employment in hospitality (hotels, homestays), transportation (taxis, buses), and as guides and adventure instructors.
- Support to Local Artisans:The demand for souvenirs boosts the sale of Kullu Shawls, Kinnauri Caps, Chamba Rumals, and Kangra Paintings, providing a sustainable livelihood for artisan communities.
- Rural Economy Development:Heritage and religious tourism, in particular, promote visits to smaller towns and villages, distributing economic benefits beyond major hubs like Shimla and Manali.
- Contribution to Cultural Preservation:
- Incentivizing Conservation:The tourist value of heritage sites provides a strong economic incentive for the government and local communities to actively preserve them. Funds from tourism are often channelled for the restoration of ancient temples, monasteries, and palaces.
- Revitalizing Traditional Arts:Tourist interest in local culture creates a market for traditional performances like Nati dances, folk plays, and Pahari music. This encourages their practice and prevents them from fading into obscurity.
- Safeguarding Living Heritage:Religious festivals like Kullu Dussehra or the Lahaul Festival become major tourist attractions. This not only boosts the local economy but also ensures that these centuries-old traditions are celebrated with enthusiasm and passed on to future generations, as they become a source of community pride and identity.
In conclusion, the blend of religious, adventure, and heritage tourism in Himachal Pradesh boosts the economy while also helping protect its culture and nature, ensuring the state keeps its unique identity as “Atithi Devo Bhav”
