HPAS Mains 2023 (General Studies Paper II ): Questions and Model Answers

December 18, 2023

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 1 to 15 should not exceed 60 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 4 marks.

Question: 1. Explain the right to constitutional remedies given in the Indian Constitution.

Answer:

The Indian Constitution guarantees the right to constitutional remedies under Article 32 (for the Supreme Court) and Article 226 (for High Courts).

Nature of Right to constitutional remedies:

Nature of the Right: This right provides a guaranteed remedy for the enforcement of fundamental rights. It empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court or high court directly in case of any violation of their fundamental rights.
Writ Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court, under Article 32, can issue various types of writs – habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari – to enforce the rights of individuals.
Guarantees access to justice: It ensures that all citizens, regardless of their socio-economic background, have access to judicial remedies for the protection of their fundamental rights.
Maintains the rule of law: This right upholds the rule of law by ensuring that everyone, including the state, is subject to the Constitution and the law.

Question: 2 Describe about the Article related to the promotion of international peace and security given in the Constitution.

Answer:

In the Indian Constitution, the article related to the promotion of international peace and security is Article 51, which falls under the category of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Nature of this article:

It emphasizes the importance of India’s role in the global community and its commitment to maintaining peace and security. E.g. India’s proposal to be a mediator during war in between Russia and Ukraine.
It promotes adherence to international law and treaty obligations, emphasizing the importance of a rules-based order in the world. E.g. India’s implementation of sustainable development goals.
It highlights the need for just and honourable relations between nations, advocating for diplomacy and mutual respect.
It encourages peaceful resolution of disputes through arbitration, advocating for diplomacy and dialogue over conflict.

Question: 3 Describe about major business pressure groups in India.

Answer:

India’s vibrant economy boasts a diverse landscape of business pressure groups, playing a crucial role in shaping policies and advocating for the interests of various industries. Here’s a closer look at some major players:

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII): Founded in 1895, CII is the premier national chamber of commerce, representing over 90,000 companies across sectors. It focuses on promoting industrial growth, advocating for policy reforms, and providing business services.
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI): Established in 1927, FICCI is another influential umbrella organization representing over 200,000 businesses. Its key areas of focus include trade and investment promotion, infrastructure development, and promoting innovation.
Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM): Founded in 1925, ASSOCHAM champions the interests of over 450,000 businesses. It advocates for policy reforms to improve the business environment, promote entrepreneurship, and foster international trade.

Question: 4 Describe the current status of Jammu & Kashmir after abolition of Article 370.

Answer:

The abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019 significantly altered the status of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), generating complex and evolving consequences. Here’s a overview of the current situation:

Decline in militant activities: While militant activities have declined compared to past years, sporadic incidents continue. The situation in the Kashmir Valley remains relatively volatile, while Jammu enjoys greater stability.
Infrastructure development: The Indian government has prioritized infrastructure development, with investments in roads, power grids, and healthcare facilities. However, progress remains uneven, and challenges like land acquisition persist.
Increase in tourists: With an increasing footfall of domestic and foreign visitors, tourism in J&K is scaling new heights, making the Union Territory (UT) one of top destinations in the country. Last year the UT received 1.88 crore tourists.
Political participation: The UT of J&K is still awaiting its first Assembly elections, delayed due to security concerns and the ongoing delimitation process.
Validation by the judiciary: In December 2023, the Supreme Court upheld the abrogation of Article 370.

Question: 5 Discuss about India’s role in Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

Answer:

India has been actively engaged with the SCO since becoming a full member in 2017. The 23rd Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was recently convened under the chairmanship of India.

India’s membership in the SCO will provide an opportunity for the leadership of India, including prime ministers, to meet with their counterparts from Central Asia, Russia, China, Afghanistan, and others regularly and frequently. India’s participation in the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) will be an added advantage to make this partnership more fruitful.

India created five new pillars and focus areas of cooperation in SCO— Startups and Innovation, Traditional Medicine, Digital Inclusion, Youth Empowerment and Shared Buddhist Heritage.
Two new mechanisms in SCO — Special Working Group on Startups and Innovation and Experts Working Group on Traditional Medicine— were created at India’s initiative.
India is looking to increase its trade and investment ties with the SCO countries to diversify its economic partnerships.
India has also coined the New Delhi Declaration, which aims to fight against terrorism. The declaration also proposes four other joint statements on de-radicalization, sustainable lifestyle to tackle climate change, production of millets, and digital transformation.
In the future, India’s development experience, particularly in promoting agriculture, small and medium enterprises, pharmaceuticals, and information technology, can be of immense benefit to Central Asian countries.

Question: 6 Analyse the role of Indian Diaspora in India’s Foreign Policy.

Answer:

According to Global Migration Report 2020, India continues to be the largest country of origin of international migrants, with a 17.5 million-strong Diaspora across the world.

The US, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Myanmar, the UK, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Canada host an Indian diasporic population of at least one million each.

The Indian Diaspora is significant for several reasons:

Economic contributions: Indian Diaspora members have started businesses, created jobs, and invested in their home countries. They have also contributed to India’s economy through remittances. Ex: India being the largest receiver of remittances in the world
Cultural influence: The Indian Diaspora has had a significant cultural influence on their host countries. Indian food, music, dance, and clothing have all become popular in various parts of the world due to the influence of the Indian Diaspora. Ex: Indian restaurants in America.
Political impact: Indian Diaspora members have been elected to public office in various countries, and they have used their positions to advocate for issues that are important to the Indian community. Ex: UK Prime Minister
Diplomatic relations: Indian Diaspora members have served as cultural ambassadors, and they have helped to foster greater understanding and cooperation between India and their host countries. Ex: Role of Indian Diaspora in India-Canada relations.

Question: 7 Describe about India’s maritime security policy ‘SAGAR’.

Answer:

India has a long coastline of over 7,000 km, which makes it vulnerable to various threats such as piracy, terrorism, smuggling, illegal fishing, and environmental degradation.

In that perspective, in 2015, India unveiled its strategic vision for the Indian Ocean i.e. Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR). It is an increasing recognition of the increasing importance of maritime security, maritime commons and cooperation.

Through SAGAR, India seeks to deepen economic and security cooperation with its maritime neighbours and assist in building their maritime security capabilities. For this, India would cooperate on the exchange of information, coastal surveillance, building of infrastructure and strengthening their capabilities.

Further, India seeks to safeguard its national interests and ensure Indian Ocean region to become inclusive, collaborative and respect international law.

The pillars of SAGAR are:

India’s role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).
India would continue to enhance the maritime security capacities and economic resilience of friendly countries in IOR.
A more integrated and cooperative focus on the future of the IOR, which would enhance the prospects for the sustainable development of all countries in the region.

Question: 8 Discuss how cultural divide has affected the politics of Himachal Pradesh?

Answer:

There is a large cultural divide in Himachal Pradesh on the basis of language, religion, folk songs, dances etc. In high hill areas language is of Tibetan origin which is spoken by local folks while in plain or lower areas Pahari and Hindi is spoken by peoples.

Politics of Himachal and cultural divide:

Religion: In some areas of Upper Himachal people mainly in Kinnaur high hills, Lahaul Spiti follows Buddhism due to contouring Tibbetan boundaries while in lower Himachal, Hinduism is the main religion. Congress in state politics has followed a traditional leftist approach in politics which believes in secularism and is liberal in many ways and attracts people from different castes and religion whereas the BJP follows a rightist approach in politics and is seen as leaning towards people of particular religion which is the reason behind the initial domination of BJP in lower hilly areas.
Conflict between new and old areas: New areas added from Punjab in 1966 are having distinct culture as compared to old areas of Himachal Pradesh. This led to the growth of BJP in lower hills initially as this region was dominated by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Congress was already a dominating force in old areas of himachal Pradesh.
Regionalism: Regionalism is often seen as a serious threat to the development, progress, and unity of the Area around Shimla are more developed as compared to the areas of Chamba district due to political dominance of Shimla district.

Question: 9 Analyse the role of “Himalayan Hill State Regional Council’ in the freedom movement in Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

The Himalayan Hill State Regional Council (HHSRC) played a significant and multifaceted role in the freedom movement in Himachal Pradesh, particularly in the struggle against the princely states and for the integration of the hill region into a unified India.

Role of HHSRC in freedom movement:

Successfully fought against the oppressive and the unjust rule of the Princely States in Himachal Pradesh.
Achieve democratization of the administration and introduce social reforms like abolition of begar.
Encouraged people of the Hill people to refuse to pay unjust taxes, to fight against cruelties and not to perform beggar.
Establishment of responsible government. E.g., formation of independent government in theog.

Question: 10 Discuss about the role of socio-economic factors in the evolution of bipolar politics in Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

Himachal Pradesh, nestled amidst the Himalayan splendor, boasts a fascinating political landscape defined by a strong two-party system dominated by the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Role of Socio-Economic factors:

Cultural and historical factor: Praja Mandals of Himachal Pradesh were merged in 1948 to form Congress party in Himachal Pradesh. All-important leaders of Praja Mandal became part of Congress Party. This is the one of main reason behind the domination of Congress Party in these regions. And when new areas of Punjab merged with Himachal Pradesh than second political party had arisen due to presence of RSS in these areas.
Land Reforms in Himachal: Land reforms acts turned out to be a clear case of discrimination between two regions. The big landowners from Kangra were deprived of their surplus land, but orchards were exempted from land ceiling. In Kangra region, the landowner organised themselves to protect their landed interests.
Laghu Zamindar Sabha was formed in 1973 to protect their landed interests. This sabha was naturally ally of Jan Sangh and later the Janta Party as both needed each other in the given political reality. And Congress party dominated in the apple belt due to praja mandal linkage and special provisions initiated by them for the protection of apple belt areas.

Question: 11 Analyse the working of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

Panchayati raj institutions (PRIs) have played a significant role in improving the delivery of public services in Himachal Pradesh. The state has a long history of panchayati raj, and PRIs have been instrumental in implementing various development programs and schemes.

Here are some specific examples of how PRIs have improved the delivery of public services in Himachal Pradesh:

Infrastructure development: PRIs have been responsible for constructing and maintaining a vast network of roads, bridges, irrigation canals, and other infrastructure projects in rural areas.
Women’s participation: Owing to the successful enforcement of 50 percent reservation policy for women, 58 percent of elected PRI representatives in this hill state are women.
Democratisation at the grassroots level where elections are held regularly post 1994.

But still there are many challenges faced by Panchayati raj system in Himachal Pradesh:

Limited taxation power
Dependence on state government
Inadequate devolution: All states have not been forthcoming in giving Panchayats and Municipalities enough funds, functions and functionaries (3Fs). Functioning of local bodies is hampered by lack of interest in them by the states; devolution is uneven across states.

Despite these challenges, PRIs have made significant progress in improving the delivery of public services in Himachal Pradesh. With continued support from the state and central governments, PRIs can play an even greater role in promoting social and economic development in the state.

Question: 12 Describe how language re-organisation has affected the politics of Himachal Pradesh?

Answer:

The linguistic reorganization of Punjab in 1966, which led to the creation of Haryana, provided an opportunity for Himachal Pradesh to achieve its statehood ambitions.

How language re-organization has affected the politics of Himachal Pradesh?

Increase in political bargaining: On November 1, 1966, the hilly areas of Punjab, including Kangra, were merged with Himachal Pradesh, significantly increasing its population and territory. This expansion further solidified Himachal Pradesh’s case for statehood.
Journey to statehood: The final push for statehood came in 1970, when the Indian Parliament passed the State of Himachal Pradesh Act. On January 25, 1971, Himachal Pradesh officially became the 18th state of India.
Introduction of two-party system: Before integration of Punjab hilly areas into Himachal Pradesh, only congress party was dominating the political sphere of Himachal Pradesh, but after integration of new areas, new political force which was present in the Punjab hilly area introduced as BJP in Himachal Pradesh.
Cap Politics: Cultural and political difference between these areas promoted cap politics in Himachal Pradesh.

Question: 13 What do you understand by AMRUT 2.0 Yojna?

Answer:

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0 is a step towards Aatma Nirbhar Bharat with aim of making the cities ‘water secure’ and providing functional water tap connections to all households.
AMRUT Mission has been subsumed under AMRUT 2.0, which was launched in October, 2021.
This will be achieved through circular economy of water by effecting water source conservation, rejuvenation of water bodies and wells, recycle/ reuse of treated used water, and rainwater harvesting by involving community at large.
This Mission will be run as people’s program i.e. Jan Aandolan.
It also targets to provide 100% sewage/ septage management in 500 AMRUT cities.

Question: 14 Define Good Governance and discuss its salient features.

Answer:

The World Bank in its 1992 report entitled “Governance and Development”, set out the definition of Good Governance.

It defined Good Governance as “the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development”.

The United Nations has given 8 features-

Participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.

Question: 15 What do you know about ‘Beti Hai Anmole’ Scheme of the Himachal Pradesh Government?

Answer:

Himachal Pradesh Government’s Beti Hai Anmol Yojana provides financial assistance for the education of girls. Upon the birth of a girl child, the Himachal Pradesh government will deposit a scholarship of ₹10,000 in the post office or the girl’s bank account. In addition, girls in the state will receive financial assistance of ₹300 to ₹12,000 from first grade to twelfth grade to help them purchase books and uniforms.
If the girl wants to continue her studies up to graduation after twelfth grade, she will be given financial assistance of ₹5,000. Under this scheme of Himachal Pradesh, only two daughters of a family can avail of this scheme.

The primary objectives of this scheme are to:

Encourage the birth and education of girl children in families below the poverty line.
Provide financial support to families for the education of their girl children.
Combat the negative attitude towards the birth of girl children.
Reduce the dropout rate of girls from schools.
Promote gender equality by incentivizing the education of girls.

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 16 to 25 should not exceed to 120 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 8 marks.

Question: 16 Describe how Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are complementary to each other.

Answer:

The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) are two pivotal components of the Indian Constitution, and they are complementary to each other in several ways:

Nature and Purpose: Fundamental Rights are essential for the development of the personality of every individual and constitute the bedrock of a democratic society. On the other hand, DPSPs aim to establish a social and economic democracy. Together, they complement each other in making the vision of a comprehensive democratic system a reality.
Interdependence for Implementation: The effective implementation of DPSPs often requires the fulfilment of certain Fundamental Rights. For example, the right to education, initially a DPSP, was later integrated into the Fundamental Rights through the 86th Constitutional Amendment, indicating how these two sections can supplement each other. The right to equality before the law (Fundamental Right) is complemented by the DPSP that directs the state to promote a social order in which there is equality of status and opportunity for all citizens.
- Regular Interaction through judiciary: Judicial interpretations have often read DPSPs and Fundamental Rights together, ensuring that neither is violated. The Supreme Court of India, in several landmark judgments, has ruled that while interpreting ambiguous constitutional provisions, an attempt should be made to harmonize the Fundamental Rights with the DPSPs. E.g, Golaknath case, Keshvananda Bharti case
- On Law Making process: While Fundamental Rights act as limitations on the state’s power, DPSPs guide the state in formulating policies and laws. This way, laws enacted by the legislature try to reflect the essence of both Fundamental Rights and DPSPs, making them supplementary.

Together, Fundamental Rights and DPSPs create a framework for a just and equitable society. Fundamental Rights protect the individual from state tyranny, while DPSPs ensure that the state takes positive steps to promote the well-being of all its citizens.

Question: 17 Discuss about the emergency powers of Indian President. Can he become dictator?

Answer:

The Indian President is endowed with certain emergency powers under the Constitution, but these powers are carefully delineated and subject to checks and balances. While extensive, they are not absolute and cannot pave the way for a dictatorship in the typical sense.

Here’s a breakdown of the President’s emergency powers and their limitations:

Types of emergencies:

National Emergency (Article 352): This can be declared when the security of India or any part of it is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. It grants the President extensive powers to suspend fundamental rights, amend the Constitution, and rule by decree.
President Rule (Article 356): This can be imposed if the President, upon receiving a report from the Governor, is satisfied that the government of a state cannot carry on its functions in accordance with the Constitution. This allows the President to suspend the state legislature, dismiss the state government, and assume direct control through a Governor.
Financial Emergency (Article 360): This can be declared if the President is satisfied that there is a grave threat to the financial stability or credit of the country. It empowers the government to take measures like reducing government expenditure, controlling prices, and altering taxation and borrowing powers.

Limitations and safeguards:

Parliamentary approval: Every proclamation of emergency, except for financial emergency, must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months. This ensures democratic oversight and prevents arbitrary use of emergency powers.
Judicial review: The Supreme Court has the power to review the President’s decision to declare an emergency and its extent. This judicial check reinforces the Constitution’s supremacy and prevents abuse.
Temporary nature: All emergencies are temporary and can be revoked by the President or Parliament. The Constitution specifies maximum durations for each type of emergency, further limiting the potential for prolonged unchecked power.
Fundamental rights restrictions: While certain fundamental rights can be suspended during a national emergency, core rights like the right to life and judicial review remain intact. This prevents complete erosion of basic freedoms.

Dictatorship vs. emergency powers:

It’s crucial to understand that the President’s emergency powers, though extensive, differ significantly from the powers wielded by a dictator:

Article 74: President act on the aid and advice of council of ministers. In UN Rao case, 1971, Supreme Court ruled that President cannot exercise his executive functions in the absence of council of ministers.
No concentration of power: Unlike a dictator, the President shares power with other institutions like Parliament and the Judiciary. These checks and balances limit the President’s ability to act unilaterally.
Limited scope: Emergency powers address specific situations of external or internal threats and don’t extend to unrestricted control over all aspects of society. (as mentioned under Article 352, 356 and 360)
Accountability: The President is accountable to Parliament and the people for the exercise of emergency powers. They can be removed from office through impeachment proceedings if found to be in violation of the Constitution.

Therefore, while the emergency powers undoubtedly confer significant authority on the President, they are not designed to create a dictatorship. The Constitution has built-in safeguards to prevent misuse and ensure their temporary and accountable exercise.

Question: 18 Discuss India’s role in the establishment of peace through UN Peace-keeping.

Answer:

The United Nations Peacekeeping operations are policing and peacebuilding actions carried out by the UN to bring order and stability in war-torn nations. India has a long history of service in UN Peacekeeping, having contributed more personnel than any other country.

India has also provided, and continues to provide, eminent Force Commanders for UN Missions.

TCC – India is the fifth largest troop contributor (TCC) with 5,323 personnel deployed in 8 out of 13 active UN Peacekeeping Missions, of which 166 are police personnel.

India ranks third after Bangladesh (7,237) and Nepal (6,264) in troops contribution.

Highest fatalities – India also holds the unfortunate record of having the highest fatalities due to malicious acts, during UN peacekeeping missions.

A total 175 Indian peacekeepers have so far died while serving with the United Nations.

India has lost more peacekeepers than any other UN Member State.

Korea – India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping began with its participation in the UN operation in Korea in the 1950s.

India’s mediatory role in resolving the stalemate over prisoners of war in Korea led to the signing of the armistice that ended the Korean War.
India chaired the 5 member Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, while the Indian Custodian Force supervised the process of interviews and repatriation that followed.

Middle East – The UN entrusted the Indian armed forces with subsequent peace missions in the Middle East, Cyprus, and the Congo.

East Asia – India also served as Chair of the 3 international commissions for supervision and control for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos established by the 1954 Geneva Accords on Indochina.

India has been sending women personnel on UN Peacekeeping Missions.

In 2007, India became the first country to deploy an all-women contingent to a UN Peacekeeping Mission.

Medical camps – Medical care is among the many services Indian Peacekeepers provide to the communities in which they serve on behalf of the Organization.

Veterinary support – They also perform specialised tasks such as veterinary support and engineering services.

The Indian contingent in the Upper Nile region have all received UN Medals of Honour.

India had the honour of providing two Military Advisers, one Female Police Adviser, and one Deputy Military Adviser to the Secretary General of the United Nations.

India was the first country to contribute to the Trust Fund on sexual exploitation and abuse which was set up in 2016.

There is a need to provide resources and required training in emerging technologies and new ways of warfare to decrease the causalities of the peacekeeping forces. The Security Council’s mandates to UN Peacekeeping operations need to be rooted in ground realities, and co-related with the resources provided for the peacekeeping operation.

Question: 19 Describe in detail about the problem of boundaries between India and China.

Answer:

In international relations and geopolitics, there are no friends or enemies, only permanent interests. The year, 2020 marked the 70th anniversary of the establishment in diplomatic ties between India and China. But ironically the two countries have been engaged in holding disengagement talks since a few months now. Relations between contemporary China and India have been characterized by border disputes, resulting in several military conflicts.

The root cause lies in an ill-defined, 3,440km (2,100-mile)-long border that both countries dispute. Four states – Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (erstwhile part of UP), Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and Union Territories of Ladakh (erstwhile state of Jammu & Kashmir) share a border with China.

The Sino-Indian border is generally divided into three sectors namely: Western sector, Middle sector, and Eastern sector.

Western Sector

In the western sector, India shares about a 2152 km border with China. It is between the union territory of Ladakh (erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir) and the Xinjiang province of China. The territorial dispute in the western sector is over Aksai Chin. India claims it as part of erstwhile Kashmir, while China claims it is part of Xinjiang.

The dispute is said to be due to the failure of the British empire as it failed to demarcate a legal border between both countries. During the British rule in India two borderlines were proposed – Johnson’s line and McDonald line in 1865 and 1893 respectively.

The Johnson’s line shows Aksai Chin in Ladakh i.e. under India’s control whereas McDonald Line places it under China’s control. India considers Johnson Line as a rightful national border with China, while on the other hand, China considers the McDonald Line as the correct border with India. The different claims and perceptions of LAC have led to an overlapping area, within that area lies a small zone which both the sides patrol causing clashes of the Indian and the Chinese army.

At present, Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the line separating Indian areas of Ladakh from Aksai Chin. It is concurrent with the Chinese Aksai Chin claim line.

Middle Sector

In the middle sector, India shares about 625km of the border with China. This is the only sector where the both countries have less disagreement. The border runs from Ladakh to Nepal. The states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand touch the border with Tibet in this sector.

Eastern Sector

In the eastern sector, India shares a 1140km boundary with China. The boundary line is called McMahon Line runs from the eastern limit of Bhutan to a point near the Talu Pass at the trijunction of Tibet, India, and Myanmar. The majority of the territory of Arunachal Pradesh is claimed by China as a part of Southern Tibet.

China considers the McMahon line illegal. McMahon proposed the line in the Simla Accord in 1914 to settle the boundary between Tibet and India, and Tibet and China. Though the Chinese representatives at the meeting initiated the agreement, they subsequently refused to accept it.

China claims about 90,000 sq km of India’s territory in the northeast, including Arunachal, while India says 38,000 sq km of land in China-occupied Aksai Chin should be a part of Ladakh. There are several disputed areas along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), including in Himachal, Uttarakhand and Sikkim.

The 2017 Doklam Standoff and 2020 Galwan Clash gave the real portrayal of Salami Slicing techniques used by China. So, as a part of India’s changing Border Strategy, India has been engaged in building up border infrastructure, including the all weather 255 km Darbul-Shayok- DBO road.

The military talks to ease tensions between India and China are still underway. Recently, Five points of agreement were set forth after the sixth round of talks between the senior military commanders. Though the two sides have inked towards a quick disengagement, there is no clear mention of final restoration of status quo in the five points. While diplomatic talks for de-escalation continue, there is uncertainty in the minds of many, awaiting the decisions that the countries will take.

Question: 20 Explain about India’s energy security policy.

Answer:

Energy Security is an attempt to overcome the vulnerability of vital energy systems. It is about reducing the exposure risks to an external factor, thereby ensuring our energy needs. We can also define energy security as the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.

Recently, Prime Minister has also called for “Energy Atmanirbharta” by 2040, which is about “energy security”, touching upon our “strategic autonomy”.

India has been able to navigate through the most formidable energy crisis the world has seen since the 1973 oil crisis thanks to its four-pronged energy security strategy:

Diversification of energy supplies;
Increasing India’s Exploration & Production footprint;
Alternate energy sources and
Meeting energy transition through Gas-based economy, Green Hydrogen and EVs.

India increased the number of its crude oil suppliers from 27 countries in 2006-07 to 39 in 2021-22, adding new suppliers like Columbia, Russia, Libya, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea etc., while strengthening our relationship with countries like US and Russia.

The surging energy demands in the country and climate action have influenced the foreign policy of India in a bid to secure its national interests and ensure energy security:

Discounted Russian oil –Taking advantage of the discounts offered by Russia on crude oil in the aftermath of Russia-Ukraine war, India began purchasing Russian oil so as to diversify its trade partners in the field of energy resources. Russia has emerged as the largest oil importer of India, accounting for about 40% of India’s crude imports.
India and Russia recently discussed the possibility of exploring new transport corridors like the Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC) between Vladivostok and Chennai and both sides also agreed that Indian seafarers will be trained on Polar and Arctic waters at the Russian Maritime Training Institute in Vladivostok, which is equipped with simulators.
India invested to develop Chabahar port in Iran. This will help bypass Pakistan and have access to oil and mineral rich Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asian countries.
International Solar Alliance- The International Solar Alliance (ISA) founded by India in 2015, is an action-oriented, member-driven, collaborative platform for increased deployment of solar energy technologies as a means for bringing energy access, ensuring energy security, and driving energy transition in its member countries.
Global Biofuels Alliance (launched on the sidelines of G20 Summit in New Delhi 2023)- India as a founder member of GBA, has been focussing on scaling up the share of biofuels through sharing of technical know-how and encouraging investments in the R&D in waste-to-energy. The efforts by India to ramp up biofuels in energy basket of India aims to scale down the share of fossil fuels in energy mix.
Green Hydrogen Alliances- Recently, India and Saudi Arabiahave signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the development of a green hydrogen supply chain which seeks to expand the cooperation among the two nations in the co-production of green hydrogen and the creation of secure, reliable, and resilient supply chains for materials used in green and clean hydrogen production and renewable energy.
Indo-US Nuclear deal opened new vistas for India in field of Nuclear energyfacilitating cutting-edge technology and nuclear fuel. India has started to engage with China, Kazakhstan and Australia for nuclear fuel.
India’s Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)membership could now play a bigger role in ensuring greater energy cooperation between energy producers and consumers by linking Central Asia and South Asia.

However, there are numerous hurdles in being an energy secure Nation and India’s target for carbon-neutrality by 2070.

One, it would require about $10 trillion investmentand given the constraints in climate finance mobilisation, it seems an arduous task.
Secondly, phasing out coal completely is difficult, given the requirements of industries and slow progress in addition of renewable energy. Also, the intermittent nature of renewables makes coal a viable option.
It also requires innovation and collaborations in the desired technologies to meet the target in the long run.

India must secure its energy interests through various measures like maintaining adequate Strategic Petroleum Reserves, proactively exercise its strategic autonomy in maintenance of bilateral and multilateral relations to secure the national interests of the country in energy sector- maintaining healthy relations with the Middle East, Russia as well as the USA for diversification of risks associated with suppliant chain management of energy resources and critical minerals supply, Commercial mining of critical minerals and partnerships in critical minerals, Deep Ocean exploration to exploit polymetallic nodules and Geospatial energy mapping. Energy and geopolitics are intertwined. With new discoveries of energy resources (shale gas in the USA, lithium reserves in India, etc.) and innovations in associated technologies, the energy sector dominates in the negotiations and India must carefully weigh its options and make the best out of its deals, agreements at the bilateral, regional, or multilateral forums.

Question: 21 Discuss about defence cooperation agreement signed between India and America during Modi’s recent visit to USA.

Answer:

Since the signing of the Framework for US-India Defence Relationship in 2005 (which was renewed in 2015), bilateral defence engagement between the two countries has come a long way. The US has also designated India as a “Major Defence Partner (MDP)” in 2016, a status unique to India. It is supposed to have made India more or less at par with the closest allies of the US.

During the latest visit of PM Modi to US, Defence cooperation was one of the important sectors among others in which various important landmark deals were signed.

A groundbreaking proposal has been welcomed to co-produce GE’s F414 combat aircraft engines in India, allowing for greater transfer of US jet engine technology.

India intends to procure armed MQ-9B Sea Guardian UAVs from General Atomics to enhance intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities.
Agreements have been reached for service and repair of US Navy ships at Indian shipyards, fostering closer cooperation.
Master Ship Repair Agreements with Indian shipyards will expedite contracting processes for mid-voyage and emergent repair.
The India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X) has been inaugurated, fostering joint innovation on defence technologies and integrating India’s private sector defence industry with the US defence sector.
The adoption of a Defense Industrial Cooperation Roadmap will provide policy direction for defence industries.
The roadmap aims to enable co-production of advanced defence systems and collaborative research, testing, and prototyping.
Apart from all these, India and US have four foundational defence agreements:
Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geospatial Intelligence (BECA).
General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA).
Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA).
Communication Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA).

These agreements symbolize the strengthened defence and security partnership between the two countries. It demonstrates the growing interoperability capabilities between the two militaries.

Defence cooperation has emerged “as the most significant dimension” of the India-US Strategic Partnership and “a key driver” of the bilateral relationship in recent years.

Question: 22 Explain Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY) as a precursor to Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY).

Answer:

Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) is the flagship program of the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) for promoting poverty reduction through building strong institutions for the poor, particularly women, and enabling these institutions to access a range of financial services and livelihoods.
DAY-NRLM adopts a demand-driven approach, enabling the States to formulate their own State-specific poverty reduction action plans.
The blocks and districts in which all the components of DAY-NRLM would be implemented, either through the SRLMs or partner institutions or NGOs, would be the intensive blocks and districts, whereas the remaining would be non-intensive blocks and districts.
National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is a restructured version of restructuring Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY).
NRLM was renamed as DAY-NRLM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission) w.e.f. March 29, 2016.
Under NRLM, states have greater autonomy to plan for implementing the programme.
NRLM encourages states to prepare State Perspective for Implementation Plans (SPIP) for seven years and Annual Action Plans (AAPs). The allocation for the state is released against the approved AAP.

Question: 23 Discuss the composition, powers, functions and role of the National Commission for Women in India.

Answer:

The National Commission for Women (NCW) is a statutory body established in India to protect and promote the rights of women. Here’s a detailed breakdown of its composition, powers, functions, and role:

Composition:

The NCW comprises a Chairperson and five other members, all eminent persons with experience in women’s issues.
The Chairperson and members are appointed by the Central Government for a term of three years.
The Commission also has a team of supporting staff including legal advisors, investigators, and administrative personnel.

Powers:

The NCW has been granted quasi-judicial powers under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. This means it can investigate and inquire into complaints regarding violation of women’s rights.
It can summon witnesses and documents, examine evidence under oath, and issue directions to concerned authorities.
The NCW can also recommend to the government to initiate prosecution against individuals or authorities responsible for violation of women’s rights.

Functions:

To review the constitutional and legal safeguards provided for women and recommend remedial legislative measures.
To oversee the implementation of laws relating to women and gender equality.
To investigate and examine specific complaints of violation of women’s rights, including domestic violence, dowry harassment, sexual assault, and discrimination.
To take suo moto action (on its own initiative) in cases of gross violation of women’s rights.
To advise the government on all policy matters affecting women.
To undertake and promote research and education in the field of women’s rights and gender equality.

Role:

The NCW plays a crucial role in advocating for and protecting the rights of women in India.
It acts as a bridge between women and the government, ensuring that their voices are heard and their concerns are addressed.
The Commission’s investigations and recommendations have led to significant changes in laws and policies related to women’s rights.
It also raises awareness about women’s issues and empowers women to claim their rights.

Challenges:

Despite its significant role, the NCW faces several challenges, including:
Limited resources and staff.
Lack of awareness about its existence and mandate among women, especially in rural areas.
Difficulty in enforcing its recommendations, as the Commission does not have direct power to punish offenders.
Societal resistance to change and entrenched patriarchal norms.

Overall, the National Commission for Women plays a vital role in promoting and protecting the rights of women in India. However, addressing the challenges it faces is crucial for it to further strengthen its impact and ensure a more just and equitable society for all.

Question: 24 Discuss the problems faced by Urban Local Bodies in Himachal Pradesh after the implementation of 74^thConstitutional Amendment.

Answer:

Municipalities in Himachal Pradesh play a crucial role in managing urban challenges and ensuring the well-being of urban residents. However, their performance has been mixed, marked by both successes and shortcomings in addressing critical urban issues.

Challenges:

Lack of Finance: The 74th Amendment focused on devolution of power. It means devolution of the three Fs–funds, functions and functionaries. This is not happening because most of the state fiscal devolution remains on paper.
There is a conflict of interest between state government and municipal government. The water was supplied by the state government’s Irrigation and Public Health Department (a parastatal), and then it was distributed by the Shimla Municipal Corporation. Likewise, sewage with the municipal bodies was managed by the municipality and treated by the IPH. This duality led to complete mismanagement and the recurrent outbreak of Hepatitis in the city.
Rapid urbanisation and related issues like Water crisis(Shimla), Traffic Congestion, pollution etc.
Low people participation: In recently conducted election of Municipal corporation only 65 % people were voted.
Poor representation of Himachal Pradesh local bodies in Smart city project: In Himachal Pradesh, two cities viz., Dharamshala and Shimla were selected to be covered under the Mission and two companies (SPVs) were constituted under Company Act 2013 for Smart City Dharamshala and Shimla. However, it was noticed that in Dharamshala Smart City Limited (DSCL), 03 out of 12 members of BoD were from MC Dharamshala, and in Shimla Smart City (SSCL), 02 out of 12 members of BoD were from MC Shimla. Thus, the representation of Municipal Corporations in the BoDs of these two SPVs varied between 25% (DSCL) and 17% (SSCL). However, the stake holding power was 50:50 between State Government and ULB.

Suggested Reforms for Enhancing Municipal Efficiency and Effectiveness:

Strengthen Financial Management: Implement robust financial management practices, including budgeting, procurement, and auditing, to ensure efficient and transparent utilization of funds. This will enhance financial accountability and improve the allocation of resources.
Enhancing Revenue Generation: Explore innovative revenue generation mechanisms beyond traditional property taxes to increase municipal funds. This could include exploring public-private partnerships, leveraging technology-driven solutions, and diversifying revenue streams.
Strengthen Urban Planning: Develop and implement comprehensive master plans that guide urban development in a sustainable and inclusive manner. These plans should address issues like traffic management, environmental protection, affordable housing, and public spaces.
Promoting Public Participation: Implement mechanisms for effective public participation in decision-making processes. This could include regular public consultations, community forums, and feedback mechanisms to ensure that urban development aligns with the needs of citizens.
Capacity Building Initiatives: Invest in capacity building programs for municipal officials and staff to enhance their skills and knowledge in urban planning, financial management, project implementation, and public engagement. This will improve their ability to address urban challenges effectively.

Question: 25 What are the main provisions of the Himachal Pradesh Public Service Guarantee Act, 2011?

Answer:

The Himachal Pradesh Public Service Guarantee Act 2011 has had a significant impact on the empowerment of citizens and their access to information in the state. The Act has made it easier for citizens to access government services, has increased transparency and accountability in the government, and has empowered citizens to demand better services from the government.

Empowerment of Citizens

This Act has empowered citizens by giving them the right to receive government services within a stipulated time frame.
This has made it easier for citizens to plan their lives and has reduced the need for them to make multiple visits to government offices.
The Act has also made it easier for citizens to file complaints against government officials who fail to provide services within the stipulated time frame. This has given citizens a voice and has made them more aware of their rights.
The Act has given citizens a mechanism to complain about poor service and to seek compensation for damages. This has made the government more responsive to the needs of citizens. The Act has also raised awareness of citizens’ rights and has encouraged them to hold the government accountable for its actions.
Appellate Authority as notified comes into action if the designated officer fails to provide the service within specified Any person, whose application is rejected or who is not provided the service within the stipulated time limit, may file an appeal to the first appellate authority within thirty days from the date of rejection of application or the expiry of the stipulated time limit. Appellate authority may order the designated officer to provide the service or may reject the appeal.
Second Appellate: If applicant is still not satisfied with the decision of first appellate authority than he has the option to go for second appellate authority. A second appeal should be file within 60 days of date of decision. The second appellate authority may order the designated officer to provide the service or may reject the appeal. Second appellate authority may impose a penalty on designated officer which shall not be less than 1000 rupees and not more than 5000
Both first and second appellate authority has the power of civil Every order made by first and second appellate authority cannot challenge in any court.

Access to Information

There are 248 public services have been notified by 34 departments of the state under this act which has the increased transparency and accountability in the government by making it mandatory for the government to publish information about its services, including the time frames for delivery, the fees charged, and the procedures for filing complaints. This information is available on the government’s website and in public offices.
The Act has also made it mandatory for the government to provide citizens with copies of all documents related to their application for a service. This has made it easier for citizens to track the progress of their applications and to hold the government accountable for its actions.

However, there are certain challenges associated with this act which restrict its proper implementation:

Awareness: Lack of awareness among citizens about their rights under the Act and the services guaranteed to them can hinder its effective implementation.
Capacity and Training: Government departments and officials need adequate capacity and training to handle the increased workload and stick to the specified time frames for service delivery.
Bureaucratic Resistance: Some officials might resist the implementation of the Act due to the additional workload or fear of penalties, which can impede the smooth functioning of the guarantee system.
Infrastructure and Resources: Adequate infrastructure and resources are necessary to ensure timely delivery of services. Lack of resources can lead to delays and inefficiencies.
Monitoring and Enforcement: Effective monitoring mechanisms are essential to ensure compliance with the Act. Challenges can arise in monitoring service delivery across various departments and holding errant officers accountable.

Way Forward:

It’s important to note that the specifics of challenges faced can vary over time and depend on the local context and administrative factors. Regular review and modifications in the implementation strategy are crucial to addressing these challenges and ensuring the successful functioning of the Act.

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 26 to 28 should not exceed to 400 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 20 marks.

Question: 26 In the post Globalization era, economic centralization and political de-centralization have created paradox in the working of Indian polity. Comment

Answer:

The post-globalization era in India is marked by a complex interplay of economic centralization and political decentralization, creating a paradoxical situation in the functioning of its polity.

Economic Centralization:

Increased role of the central government in economic policy: Since the 1990s, the Indian government has adopted various reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy. However, recent years have seen a renewed focus on central government’s role in areas like infrastructure development, industrial policy, and social welfare programs. This has led to concerns about overreach and a potential stifling of local initiatives.
Centralization of tax administration: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in 2017 was a major step towards streamlining complex tax systems across states. However, it has also led to increased control of tax revenue by the central government, potentially reducing the fiscal autonomy of states.
Dominance of central public sector enterprises (PSEs): While privatization of some PSEs has occurred, several strategic sectors remain under state control. This, coupled with central government’s increased focus on strategic industries, contributes to a centralized control over a significant portion of the economy.
Challenges in cooperative federalism: The implementation of cooperative federalism, where the central and state governments collaborate on policymaking, has faced hurdles. This can lead to delays and inefficiencies, further centralizing decision-making in the absence of effective collaboration.

Political Decentralization:

Local responsiveness and participation: Decentralization empowers local governments to address specific needs of their communities, leading to more responsive and effective governance. Increased participation of citizens in local decision-making can foster a sense of ownership and accountability. Introduction of 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional amendment is the reflection of political decentralisation.
Increased devolution of funds: The Fifteenth Finance Commission’s recommendations have increased the share of central taxes transferred to states, aiming to strengthen their financial autonomy and ability to invest in local priorities.
Empowerment initiatives: Various programs like skill development and capacity building for local officials are underway to improve the administrative capabilities of PRIs and ULBs.
Technological advancements: E-governance initiatives and citizen participation platforms offer potential for more transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement in local decision-making.

The Paradox:

Centralized economic policies may not address local needs adequately, leading to dissatisfaction and resentment in regions that feel neglected.
Local governments might lack the resources and expertise to effectively manage complex economic issues, potentially hindering national development goals.
Political decentralization can fragment national economic planning and implementation, creating inconsistencies and inefficiencies.
Competition between state and central governments for resources can hinder overall economic progress and national cohesion.

However, Post-1991 India faced two crucial challenges: a stagnant, socialist economy and rising demands for regional autonomy. Economic centralization was needed to implement drastic reforms, opening markets and attracting global investment. This required national-level policy and regulation. Simultaneously, political decentralization empowered states to address local needs and aspirations, catering to diverse regional priorities and strengthening democratic participation. It wasn’t just about a “one-size-fits-all” approach anymore. Both approaches, balancing national direction with local empowerment, aimed to propel India into a new era of growth and inclusion.

Finding the Balance:

The key to resolving this paradox lies in finding a balance between economic goals and local needs. Some strategies include:

Cooperative federalism: Collaboration between the central and state governments can ensure national economic direction while accommodating regional specificities.
Decentralized planning and implementation: Empowering local governments to design and implement development plans within a national framework can foster local development and national progress.
Capacity building and resource sharing: Providing states and local governments with adequate resources and skills can improve their ability to manage economic issues effectively.
Transparency and accountability: Robust mechanisms for information sharing and feedback between all levels of government can build trust and address concerns about efficiency and misuse of resources.

In conclusion, the paradox of economic centralization and political decentralization in India’s post-globalization era presents both challenges and opportunities. Recognizing the potential benefits and drawbacks of each approach and striving for a balanced, cooperative, and adaptable framework will be crucial for the country’s successful navigation of this complex landscape.

Question: 27 Examine India’s role in changing world order.

Answer:

The term “the new world order” signifies the development of fresh modes of collaboration and dialogue involving various nations and regions in the 21st century. This transformation is a response to the demands and opportunities brought about by globalization, climate change, pandemics, terrorism, and other issues that demand collective efforts and cooperative solutions.

Several attributes define the new multilateral world order-

The broadening and diversification of existing multilateral institutions, such as the UN, IMF, and World Bank,to encompass a more extensive array of voices and viewpoints from the developing world and the Global South.
The establishment and fortification of novel regional and sub-regional organizations like BRICS, the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the European Union,all of which are designed to promote regional integration, development, security, and cooperation.
The emergence of informal networks and initiatives, exemplified by the Alliance for Multilateralism, the G20, and the Quad, that focus on addressing specific issues or challenges that transcend national borders and necessitate synchronized action.
The acknowledgment of the multipolar nature of the world, where no single nation or bloc can exercise dominance or dictate the global agenda.

Reasons behind Decline of Existing Multilateralism

The Elevation of China and Its Expansionist Ambitions: China’s expansionist policies, both within Asia and globally, challenge the existing multilateral structure.
Economic and Security Perils Stemming from China: The economic and security hazards emanating from China have prompted countries like the United States, Japan, and India to reassess their engagement with China. Consequently, there have been endeavours to mitigate the considerable economic interdependence with China, a move that carries implications for existing multilateral economic bodies.
Russian Activities: The Russian occupation and annexation of Ukraine’s Crimea in 2014presented a notable challenge to the post-Cold War security framework, particularly in Europe. This occurrence disrupted multilateralism by fostering divisions and conflicts within the international community.
Inherent Contradictions of the Multilateral System:The multilateral system itself has grappled with internal contradictions and dilemmas. These internal disparities and competing interests among member states have weakened the effectiveness of multilateral organizations and hindered the formation of consensus.
Emergence of Alternative Security Frameworks: In response to China’s expansionism, alternative security platforms like the Quad, AUKUS, and trilateral agreements have surfaced. These forums signify a shift away from conventional multilateral institutions, raising questions about the ongoing relevance and centrality of existing regional organizations such as ASEAN.
Asia-Pacific is the new economic and political centreof the world with the rise of China, India and other powers — Indonesia, South Korea, Iran, Vietnam.

Rapid shifts in the balance of power in the region have led to arms races and the US’s “America First” attitude has led to rising uncertainty.

China-U.S. strategic contention is growing, uninhibited so far by their economic co-dependence.

Role of Indian in new world order

India has the potential to assume a prominent role in various forums, including the Quad and ASEAN, along with other regional and sub-regional platforms. Its primary objective would be to champion an Indo-Pacific region that upholds principles like the rule of law, respect for sovereignty, and peaceful dispute resolution.
Additionally, India can bolster its collaboration in maritime security with nations that share similar values, aiming to address the challenges emanating from China’s assertive actions in the area.
India’s contribution to the process of re-globalization can involve diversifying its trade and investment partners, particularly within the Global South. Simultaneously, it can work on bolstering its domestic capabilities across vital sectors such as manufacturing, services, and innovation.
Advocating for a more democratic and equitable global governance system, which accurately represents the realities and aspirations of emerging economies, is another avenue for India to pursue.
Taking advantage of its role as host of the G20 summit, India can utilize this platform to showcase its vision and accomplishments as a global leader. It can also strive to build consensus on critical matters such as climate change, sustainable development, health security, and digital transformation.
Furthermore, India can serve as a bridge between developed and developing nations by shedding light on their shared interests and challenges, while proposing inclusive and practical solutions.

Therefore, we can say that India has now got an important place in this world order. India’s Economic and Nuclear might is being recognised by the world over. But to sustain this place we need to have active cooperation with developing and our Neighbouring countries.

Question: 28 Development role of the Deputy Commissioner became a focal point of study after the initiation of development planning in India. Explain.

Answer:

Intro-

The structure of administration developed during the past century was based upon the district as the principal unit with the district officer (or the DM) as the government’s principal representative in touch with the people.
Besides being in control of the administration of law and order and revenue in the district, the district officer held a coordinating responsibility for the activities of all departmental agencies within the district.

Body-

From 1947 onwards, the major characteristic that got attached with the District Administration is that of a Development Actor. This character of being a development actor is an important development after independence. This character emerged because the State became a welfare state from a police state after the independence.
The development administration was taken up through Block Development Officers which came into existence after Community Development Programme (CDP) There used to be around 20 to 30 thousand people in a Block.
By mid 1950s, the locus of administration shifted to the
The Balwant Rai Mehta committee recommended for democratic decentralization.
This led to creation of 3-tier PRI. Thus, from mid-1960s to early 1990s, the District Officer played major role in district administration.
Post the LPG reforms the developmental role of the DC has faced new forms of challenges in the wake of the emergence of the private sector.
The DC is expected to play the following developmental roles-
1. Ensures implementation of Government programmes and polices and coordinates development works in the district.
2. Coordinate the developmental, cultural, social, health and medical welfare, social, health and medical, welfare promotion of tourism and other activities of various departments in the district.
3. He is Chief Executive Officer of District Rural Development Agency.
4. He is the Chairman of District Red Cross society and district Child Welfare Society.
5. He conducts and ensures the inspection of Offices of Block Development Officers.
6. Monitors, inspects and controls the functioning of all the branch officers and branches under them.
7. He is the Coordinator-cum-Chairman of District level Inter-Developmental committee for efficiency in Administration.

Conclusion-

The democratic polity of India mandates the relationship between the District administration and popularly elected local government to be that of political executive and it is implementing arm. The district administration must cooperate and coordinate with the LSG in ensuring Good Governance and efficient public service delivery. While the government at state and Centre must devise ways to empower and build capacity (skills, infrastructure and financial autonomy) to enable these institutions to act as units of self-government as envisaged by Mahatma Gandhi.