HPAS Mains 2023 (General Studies Paper I ): Questions and Model Answers

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 1 to 15 should not exceed 60 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 4 marks.

Question: 1 Discuss critically Lala Lajpat Roy views about ‘Swaraj’

Answer:

• Lala Lajpat Rai (1865–1928) was an influential Indian nationalist leader during the British colonial era. A key figure in the struggle for independence.

Lalaji once said:- “If I had the power to influence Indian journals, I would have the following headlines printed in bold letters on the first page: Milk for the infants, food for the adults and education for all.”

• He emphasized the need for political, economic, and social autonomy to uplift the nation. Rai believed that Swaraj should not merely replace foreign rulers with indigenous ones but should entail socio-economic justice, education, and unity. However, critics argue that Rai’s vision faced challenges in practical implementation, as issues like caste divisions and economic disparities persisted

Question: 2 Give an account of three important events of Governor General Lord Ellenborough period.

Answer:

Three important events:

• Conquest of Sindh: Lord Ellenborough held the position of Governor-General of India for two and a half years(1842-1844). This military general-style governor, sent to “restore peace in Asia,” as british faced military disaster in kabul as soon as he arrived and eventually took Sind for Britain. Lord Ellenborough is primarily remembered for his involvement in the Conquest of Sindh.
• Gwalior war: He also Defeated Maratha Scindhias in Gwalior war (1843) who were seeking independence from British.
• Slavery: He also Abolished slavery in India by Enacting Indian Slavery act 1843.

Question: 3 Throw light on the salient features of Pallava Temple Architecture style.

Answer:

The Pallava dynasty, which ruled Southern India from the 3rd to 9th centuries, left an indelible mark on the region’s cultural landscape. Pallava temple architecture stands out for its distinctive features, showcasing a seamless blend of innovation and tradition.

Salient Features:

• Transition :-The Pallava architecture shows the transition from the Rock Cut Architecture to the Stone built temples.
• Relief portraits;-The rock cut reliefs of the Pallavas are the earliest surviving royal portraits after the Kushana images.
• Dwarapalas:- .Mandagapattu temple built by Mahendra Verman has the icons of large Dwarapalas which later became a characteristic of almost all south Indian temples.
• Lion Scriptures:-Some temples has animal scriptutres like kailashnath temple of kanchipuram which has Lion scriptures everywhere which was the insignia of the Pallavas.
• Monolithic Rathas: The famous Five Rathas in Mahabalipuram exemplify monolithic rock-cut architecture, each representing a distinct architectural prototype.
• Cave Temples: The Pallavas contributed to the creation of cave temples, with notable examples being the Mahishasuramardini Cave and Varaha Cave, displaying exceptional craftsmanship.
• Pallava Temple Architecture can be termed as a Glimpse into Artistic Brilliance.

Question: 4 Highlight the contribution of Rasbehari Bose in Indian Freedom Struggle.

Answer:

Rasbehari Bose, a pivotal figure in India’s fight for independence, he was the main accused in Hardinge Bomb Case but he escaped to North America from the claws of British Government.

Contributions:

• Ghadar Movement: Bose played a crucial role in the Ghadar Movement, a revolutionary uprising against British rule, mobilizing Indians abroad and fostering nationalist sentiments.
• Japanese Collaboration: Bose sought international support and found an ally in Japan during World War II, fostering collaboration for India’s liberation.
• Azad Hind Fauj: Bose laid the groundwork for the Azad Hind Fauj, envisioning a unified military force to challenge British dominance.
• Rasbehari Bose’s visionary leadership significantly fueled India’s struggle for freedom.

Question: 5 Make a distinction between bhabar and terai?

Answer:

Bhabar and Tarai are the parts of Great north Indian Alluvial plains which are stretched from Punjab to Assam for a length of around 320 km and width of 150-300 km. These north Indian plains are parallel to Himalayan Mountain system and are formed from the deposition work of rivers descending these mighty Himalayas. These plains are characterized into Bhabar, Terai, Bhanger and Khadar.

THE BHABAR

• It is a narrow, porous, northern most stretch of Indo-Gangetic plain. It is about 8-16 km wide running in east- west direction along the foothills (alluvial fans) of the Shiwaliks. They show a remarkable continuity from the Indus to the Tista. Rivers descending from the Himalayas deposit their load along the foothills in the form of alluvial fans. These alluvial fans have merged together to build up the bhabar belt. The porosity of bhabar is the most unique feature.
• The porosity is due to deposition of huge number of pebbles and rock debris across the alluvial fans. The streams disappear once they reach the bhabar region because of this porosity. Therefore, the area is marked by dry river courses except in the rainy season. The Bhabar belt is comparatively narrow in the east and extensive in the western and north-western hilly region. The area is not suitable for agriculture and only big trees with large roots thrive in this belt.

THE TERAI

• Terai is an ill-drained, damp (marshy) and thickly forested narrow tract to the south of Bhabar running parallel to it. The Terai is about 15-30 km wide. The underground streams of the Bhabar belt re-emerge in this belt. This thickly forested region provides shelter to a variety of wild life.
• Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand and Kaziranga National Park in Assam lie in terai region. Terai – Jim Corbett – Kaziranga National Park. The Terai is more marked in the eastern part than in the west because the eastern parts receive comparatively higher amount of rainfall. Most of the Terai land, especially in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, has been turned into agricultural land which gives good crops of sugarcane, rice and wheat.
• The colour of the alluvial soils varies from the light grey to ash grey. Its shades depend on the depth of the deposition, the texture of the materials, and the time taken for attaining maturity. Alluvial soils are intensively cultivated.

Question: 6 Write a geographical note on Balasore train accident.

Answer:

The Coromandel Express crashed into a stationary freight train in Balasore district, and some of its derailed coaches fell onto the adjacent tracks and collided with the oncoming Yeshwantpur-Howrah Express.

Over 290 passengers lost their lives while around 1000 were injured in the train crash, involving the Bengaluru-Howrah Superfast Express, the Shalimar-Chennai Central Coromandel Express and a goods train. This has been considered to be the deadliest train accident in recent times.

An inquiry conducted by the Commissioner of Railway safety (CRS) has highlighted that the rear-collision of the train caused ‘due to the lapses in the signalling-circuit-alteration carried out at the North Signal Goomty (of the station) in the past, and during the execution of the signalling work related to replacement of Electric Lifting Barrier for level crossing gate no. 94 at the Station.’

The Ministry has taken several measures to upgrade the Signaling system for safe operation of trains. The move aims at reducing the number of incidences of rail accidents. Some of these are as follows :-

1. Electrical/Electronic Interlocking System – The railways has made a provision of Electrical or Electronic Interlocking System with centralized operation of points and signals, replacing the old mechanical signalling. As on May 31, 2023, these systems have been installed at 6427 stations which includes 2173 stations in the last five years.
2. Track Circuiting of Stations – The railways has targeted to complete Track Circuiting of stations across the country. This aims at enhancing the safety for verification of track occupancy by electrical means. Till May 31st, this facility has been provided at 6377 stations.
3. Interlocking of Level Crossing (LC) Gates – The railways has provided this facility at 11093 LC gates.
4. Automatic Block Signalling – The national transporter has installed Automatic Block Signalling system at 3940 route Km upto May 31st.
5. Installation of Kavach – The Kavach is an indigenously developed automatic train protection system.

Question: 7 Write a note on Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojana of Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojana

• Location: The Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojana also known as Bhaba project is a notable hydroelectric project located in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India.
• River: It is completely an underground project located on river Bhaba (tributary of Satluj).
• Capacity: It has 120 MW installed capacity, comprising 3 units each of 40 MW.
• Operations: The power project became operational in 1989-1990 at an estimated cost of Rs 167 crore.
• Elevation Aspect: Operated by the state-owned Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board, the Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojna is located at 2,450 meters above mean sea level, making it the highest elevation at which a project of this nature has been constructed in India.

Question: 8 Development and democracy are like twins. Critically examine this statement.

Answer:

The statement that “development and democracy are like twins” is a complex one, and a critical examination reveals both similarities and differences.

Similarities:

• Mutually reinforcing: Both development and democracy can be seen as processes of growth and progress. Just as economic development can lead to improved infrastructure, education, and healthcare, a strong democratic system can foster participation, accountability, and transparency, creating fertile ground for further development.
• Interdependence: Both concepts are interconnected and influence each other. Economic prosperity can provide resources for democratic institutions, while a stable and inclusive democracy can attract investment and create an environment conducive to growth.

Differences:

• Different pace: Development can sometimes be measured in tangible terms like GDP or poverty rates, while democracy is a concept with less quantifiable metrics. This can lead to situations where economic growth occurs under authoritarian regimes, raising questions about whether true development is taking place.
• Conflicting priorities: In the short term, some development projects might prioritize economic progress over democratic processes, leading to concerns about displacement, environmental damage, and lack of participation.

Question: 9 What do you understand by the “Bottom-up” approval of development and administration? What are its main features?

Answer:

• An approach that allows the local community and local players to express their views and to help define the development course for their area in line with their own views, expectations and plans can be termed as a bottom-up approval of development and administration.
• It aims to encourage a process of local participation in every aspect of development policy.
• The involvement of local players is sought at all levels, either through consultation or by involving them in the partnership.
• It is aimed at the whole community, promoters of ideas and projects, the civic and voluntary sector, economic and social interest groups and representative public and private institutions.

Main features-

• Information via Public meetings Media and telecommunication, fairs and exhibitions. This can at the Initial phase, programme implementation phases, project identification phase.
• Consultation which can happen through audits at the level of the local self-government. This can happen during the initial phase, development of the strategic plan.
• Joint development by specialist working groups, sectors concerned, interest groups, done during Launch of the projects, implementation of the programme, participatory evaluation.
• Collective decision making which involves participatory selection of projects Definition of courses of action and strategies Implementation of the programme, new analysis following the participatory evaluation.

Question: 10 Development paradigms must recognise the diversity of culture and geographies. In light of this statement what specific focus would you recommend for the development of a hill state like Himachal Pradesh?

Answer:

The changing society and frequent landslides in Himachal Pradesh in 2023 justifies the saying that development paradigms must recognise the diversity of culture and geographies. As indiscriminate cutting of trees along hill slopes along with blasting of rocks, digging of hills for construction works ,increased irresponsible tourism has come out to be one of the prominent factor for such problems in H.P.

To prevent this, only sustainable development is the solution which includes social, economic and environmental sustainability.

 Here are the few suggestions for sustainable development in H.P:

• Two laning of hilly areas of H.P should be avoided. Rather, the already running road should be maintained for all weathers.
• Cemented construction should be avoided in newly arising tourist areas to prevent urban heat island effect. Rather, traditional kath kuni architecture and ecofriendly constructions should be encouraged.
• Ropeways should be promoted for commuting. Rather than constructing roads by digging hills.
• Invest in quality education: Provide accessible and quality education at all levels, focusing on STEM subjects and vocational training relevant to the local economy.
• Support traditional arts and crafts: Promote and provide market access for artisans and craftsmen to preserve traditional handicrafts like Kullu shawls and Kinnauri woollens.

Question: 11 Underline the key challenges in the process of tribal development in Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

In H.P ,42.49% of the total area falls under tribal area constituting Kinnaur and Lahaul & Spiti districts in their entirety and Pangi & Bharmour subdivisions of district Chamba. The process of tribal development in H.P include Tribal sub plan, Single line administration and welfare schemes.

Key challenges in process of tribal development are:

• Geographical challenges: Many tribal communities reside in high-altitude areas with limited road access, making it difficult to deliver essential services like healthcare, education, and market opportunities.
• Cultural challenges and traditional practices and beliefs: Some traditional practices, like dependence on shifting cultivation or grazing patterns, can conflict with conservation efforts and sustainable development goals. Also, modernization and external influences can lead to the erosion of traditional tribal cultures.
• Climate change and resource depletion: Changes in rainfall patterns, melting glaciers, and deforestation pose significant threats to the traditional way of life of many tribal communities who rely heavily on natural resources.
• Healthcare Access: Access to healthcare services is a major concern. The remote locations of many tribal communities mean that healthcare facilities are often far away, inadequately staffed, or poorly equipped.

Question: 12  How has the spread of mass-media impacted the culture of Himachal, especially those inhabitants in the far-off areas and the higher altitudes?

Answer:

Mass media can be defined as means of communication that reach and influence large number of people. eg:TV, radio, newspaper, social media etc.  It has impacted the culture of H.P in following ways:

POSITIVE IMPACT

1. Platform to propagate the culture: as evident through various you tube channels and Instagram stories running in social media showing the indigenous culture.
2. Education and Awareness: Mass media, particularly the internet and educational television programs, have played a significant role in educating the people, especially in remote areas. They provide access to a wealth of information and educational resources that were previously inaccessible.

Negative impact

1. Impact of westernization: Deviation from own cultural identity due to imitation of western culture.
2. Accessibility challenges: The physical limitations of mountainous terrain can hinder access to certain media forms, particularly television and internet, further isolating these communities.
3. Language barriers: Local dialects may not be adequately represented in mainstream media, creating difficulties in understanding, and engaging with content.
4. Cultural sensitivity: Media content may not be sensitive to the specific cultural nuances and values of these communities, potentially leading to misunderstanding and cultural appropriation.

Question: 13 Status of women in India has been a critical theme for a long time in any development discourse What is your assessment of gender-development in Himachal Pradesh? Give reasons and cite facts to highlight your argument.

Answer:

• Status of women in India has been a critical theme for a long time in any development discourse What is your assessment of gender-development in Himachal Pradesh? Give reasons and cite facts to highlight your argument.
• Himachal Pradesh, often lauded as a progressive state in India, presents a complex picture of gender development. While it boasts impressive achievements in areas like education and health, persistent challenges remain in social and economic empowerment of women.

Positive Indicators:

• Political participation: Approximately 58% of total members of Panchyats in Himachal Pradesh are women.
• Economic participation: According to annual Periodic Labour Force Survey, Himachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of women in the workforce in India in 2021-23, with females constituting 49% of the labor force participation in the 15-59 age group. This is significantly higher than the national average of 32% . Also, the rural women of two villages of Padhar and Ghirtholi in Dharamshala block of Kangra district in Himahchal Pradesh have found a unique source of employment by forming self-help groups under the National Rural Livelihood Mission to adopt herbal cultivation of Baboon (Camomile) flowers and Tulsi (black basil) to help their families financially
• Health: The institutional delivery has increased to 91 percent in the State. Maternal Mortality Rate in the State has declined to 55 per 1,00,000 live births which is better than the envisaged global target.. All countries of the world have united for a new target to accelerate the decline of maternal mortality by 2030. Sustainable Development Goal includes an ambitious target: “reducing the global Maternal Mortality Rate to less than 70 per 1,00,000 births, with no country having a maternal mortality rate of more than twice the global average”.

Challenges and Concerns:

• Patriarchal Social Norms: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms restrict women’s choices in marriage, career, and inheritance. Sex ratio at birth remains skewed (909 females per 1000 males in 2011), highlighting gender bias. Also, according to the fifth National Family Health Survey (2019-2020) there has been a rise in violence against women in domestic spaces in Himachal Pradesh.

Question: 14 Major traditional fairs and festivals of Himachal Pradesh undergone transformation. They are increasingly becoming distant from the folk traditions and heritage. How do you evaluate this change?

Answer:

• Many traditional fairs and festivals in Himachal Pradesh are undergoing significant transformations, often distancing themselves from their folk roots and heritage. This trend has both positive and negative implications. For examples, the Kullu Dussehra, once a small local festival, has become a major tourist attraction. While this has brought economic benefits, concerns exist about the dilution of its ritualistic significance.
• Commercialisation and modernisation are the two main factors responsible for this transformation.

Negative consequences of the change:

• Loss of cultural authenticity: When festivals prioritize entertainment and marketability, the deeper meaning and significance of rituals can be lost. This can lead to a superficial understanding and appreciation of cultural heritage.
• Exploitation of cultural resources: Unregulated commercialization can lead to the exploitation of cultural resources and unfair benefits for a select few.
• Positive aspects of the change:
• Economic benefits: Tourism and commercialization can bring economic benefits to local communities, supporting the continuation of traditional crafts and livelihoods.
• Digital Reach: Social media and digital platforms play a role in how these festivals are organized and marketed, often leading to a wider, more diverse participation.

Question: 15 Discuss the recent government initiatives in making the public spaces disability friendly and suggest new ways of facilitating their movement and participation in public life.

Answer:

Disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

As per Census 2011, at the all India level, disabled persons constitute 2.21% of the total population. 7.62% of the disabled persons belong to the age group 0-6 years

Government Initiatives

• Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): Launched in 2015, this campaign aims to make public spaces, transportation, and information and communication accessible to PwDs.
• National Action Plan for Skill Development of Persons with Disabilities (NAP-SDP): This initiative focuses on enhancing the employability and skills of PwDs through vocational training, skill development programs, and creating inclusive employment opportunities.
• Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme (DDRS): The scheme provides financial assistance for various rehabilitation services, including education, skill training, healthcare, and assistive devices, to economically disadvantaged PwDs.
• Scholarship Schemes: The government offers various scholarship schemes for PwDs to support their education and skill development. These include the National Scholarship Scheme for Persons with
• Disabilities and the Pre-Matric and Post-
• Matric Scholarship schemes.

• Accessible Education: The government has taken steps to promote inclusive education for PwDs, such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and the Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage (IEDSS) programs.
• Reservation in Government Jobs: PwDs are entitled to reservation in government jobs and public sector undertakings as per the provisions of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016.

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 16 to 25 should not exceed to 120 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 8 marks.

Question: 16 Define the concept of ‘Decolonization. Also highlight the major reasons of decolonization.

Answer:

• Decolonization refers to the process by which colonized nations gain independence, reclaiming sovereignty and self-governance from imperial powers. This transformative movement unfolded across the 20th century, reshaping the global political landscape

Reasons of Decolonization

• Nationalist Aspirations: The foremost catalyst for decolonization was the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in colonized regions. Leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi in India and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana championed the cause, advocating for the rights of their people.
• Post-WWII Realities: The aftermath of World War II exposed the vulnerabilities of colonial powers economically and politically. The war-weakened imperial nations found it increasingly challenging to maintain control over distant territories, prompting a reevaluation of colonial policies.
• Global Power Shifts: The rise of the United States and the Soviet Union as dominant superpowers during the Cold War altered the geopolitical dynamics. The global ideological struggle encouraged the decolonization process, as both superpowers supported emerging nations in their quest for sovereignty.
• Decolonization signifies a historic triumph of nations reclaiming their identity and charting independent paths. It reshaped the world, fostering a more equitable international order and emphasizing the importance of self-governance in the pursuit of global harmony.

Question: 17 Write a critical note on “Dandra incident of Bilaspur.

Answer:

• The land revenue policies and the new settlement pattern introduced by the British deterioted the conditions of the farmers of Bilaspur to a great extent. This led to the movement known as Bahadurpura Parganas rebellion or Danra movement.

Factors responsible:

• After the death of Bijai Sen, council of administration was appointed by the resident Punjab States consisted of three members.
• This council-imposed tax on incomes for the first time and the rate of rent on water mills considerably enhanced.
• The Council also prohibited fishing without licence and imposed other taxes of various kinds.
• There was indiscriminate policy of Forest Officers and high-handed behaviour of the revenue staff who were publicly accused to molesting village ladies.
• In 1930 there was universal demand from the States people for its postponement and when this was not agreed to by the Council, there was open rebellion.

Beginning of conflict:

• This revolt was started with the refusal of some zamindars of Bahadurpur Pargana to supply free firewood to the Settlement Staff working in their villages.
• The people of Bahadurpur, frustrated, destroyed the measuring instruments of their employers. The farmers took oath to maintain unity among themselves and to participate full flegedly in the movement.
• Soon the disaffection spread to other areas and as the local police force was quite unable to cope with the situation.
• The British Resident (Sir James Fitzpatrick) asked Mr. Chandulal who was heading the council to proceed on leave and appointed Mian Man Singh, the Home Minister as acting President.
• Man Singh called armed police from the Punjab and some of the ring leaders were arrested at a village festival at Namhol and brought to Bilaspur. The next day about a thousand persons collected at Headquarters and demanded the release of their leaders. They were declared an unlawful assembly and mercilessly lathi charged by the Punjab Police, after which they dispersed. The batons used by the British officers lent the movement its name- Dandra.  Some of the people were imprisoned and tried for “sedition” and people were also fined a hefty amount.
• The Resident now sent two companies of troops on Flag Marches to Bilaspur and after three months of constant touring they were able to create peaceful conditions.
• Nineteen ring leaders had in the meanwhile been arrested and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment ranging from two to seen years. A collective fine of Rs. 25,000/- was also imposed on the villages which had taken the initiative in the popular movement.
• This movement was a reflection of the spirit of the people which inspired several others to fight against imperialism.

Question: 18 Discuss critically the relation between Sirmour and the Mughals.

Answer:

Sirmaur, located in the present-day state of Himachal Pradesh, came under the influence of the Mughals during their expansion in India.

Friendly relations between Mughals and Sirmaur:

• Raja Dharam Prakash and Raja Budhi Prakash remained loyal to Akbar and Jahangir.
• During rule of Shah Jahan: With the help of Raja Subhag Parkash of Sirmour and other jagirdars of hills, Shah Jahan had conquered Srinagar in Garhwal. Raja Subhag Parkash in recognition of his services received a firman on behalf of the Mughal Emperor and area of Kotaha was annexed to Sirmour State.  Raja of Sirmour had closed correspondence with the daughter of Shahjahan, Begum Jahanara whom he sent musk, wild pomegranates and wild fowls etc.
• During Aurangzeb: Raja Subhag Prakash was the contemporary of Aurangzeb, and he was appointed by Aurangzeb to gather all the correspondences between Dara Shikoh and his son Sulaiman Shikoh. For this, several territories was restored back to him.

Cultural exchange:

• Mughal architectural influences can be seen in Sirmaur’s forts and palaces, while Rajput traditions and art forms continued to flourish.

Administrative reforms:

• The Mughals introduced their efficient administrative system in Sirmaur, improving tax collection, land revenue management, and judicial processes. This led to better governance and stability within the region.

Loss of autonomy:

• While Sirmaur retained some autonomy, it ultimately became a tributary state under the Mughals. This meant paying taxes and providing military support to the Mughal emperor, limiting the local ruler’s power and freedom.

Overall, the Mughal rule in Sirmaur had mixed consequences. While it brought stability, economic growth, and cultural exchange, it also came at the cost of limited autonomy, religious tensions, and potential exploitation. The legacy of Mughal rule continues to be debated and explored in Sirmaur’s history and culture.

Question: 19 Throw light on the Emergence of Kullu state and also highlight the reign of Raja Jagat Singh of Kullu.

Answer:

Kullu state was founded by Bihangmani Pal in 2^nd century A.D who came from Mayapuri, Haridwar.When he came there, the territory was under Thakurs/Chiefs.He overthrew the Thakurs and established the first ruling dynasty of Kullu, with capital at Nast (Jagatsukh).

Emergence of Kullu:

• Consolidation of state: When Vihangamani Pal arrived in Kullu Valley from Haridwar, the territory was under Thakurs / chiefs. He overthrew the Thakurs and established the first ruling dynasty of Kullu. His next in succession, Pachch Pal continued to contest with local Ranas and Thakurs and ultimately forced them to become his tributary.
• Aquisition of Kothi Barsai: Rajender Pal attacked Kothi Barsai but lost his 11 sons in the fight with Rup Sundari of Gajan. Later Rup Sundari got married to Vishad Pal (son) and peace was made. The Kothi suffixed with Barsai, as it took one year (baras) to annex the Kothi.
• Making Naggar as Capital: Visuddh Pal had enlarged the boundaries by subduing Naggar and making it his capital from Jagatsukh (Residence only).
• Chamba Vs Kullu War: During 7th Century AD, Meru Varman invaded Kullu state. At that time Dateswar Pal (31st King of Kullu) was the king of Kullu. King of Kullu was defeated and killed by Meru Varman and Kullu came under the control of Chamba. In 8th Century AD, Jareshwar Pal (34th King) liberated Kullu from Chamba with the help of Bushehr. This event took place around 780-800 AD, when Chamba was invaded by Kiras and Lakshmi Verman of Chamba was killed. This led to further animosity between Chamba and Kullu. Narad Pal (40th King of Kullu) was involved in a war with Chamba for 12 years. After 12 years war, peace was concluded and social gathering was arranged to which Chamba people were invited, but a great part of Chamba army was deceitfully drowned in the river Beas.
• Baltistan and Tibet: Sikandar Pal (50th) took the help of Delhi King in order to expel Tibetans from his territory and captured Baltistan and Tibet until Mansarovar. Delhi Raja came himself, ousted Tibetan and made Kullu his tribute collector of nearby principalities.
• Territorial expansion under Singh Dynasty: Sidh Singh (1500-1532 AD) was the 1st amongst the kings with Surname as ‘Singh’. Raja Sidh Singh was 74th from Vihangmani Pal. Dynasty of Kullu Raja’s is Badani (Chandrabansi) which rose under Raja Sidh Sing. Legend says that he was blessed with Kingdom by Devi Hidimba.
• Acquisition of Waziri Rupi and Seraj: Sidh Singh was succeeded by his son Bahadur Singh. Bahadur Singh is said to have decimated several petty Thakurs of Waziri Rupi and parts of Seraj were captured. He also gave protection to Ranas of Rupi who were humiliated by King of Suket, Arjun Sen. He built Hidimba temple (1553 AD) to commemorate victory over Ranas & Thakurs

Rule of Jagat Singh:

• Annexation of Lag and outer Sarai: He was the most powerful ruler of the dynasty. During his period, territory of the state was extended. He annexed the whole of the Lag area and Outer Sarai, which formed the part of Suket and Bushahr.
• Idol of Raghunathji: He brought image of “Raghunathji’ from Ayodhya.
• New Capital: Having subdued the whole of the upper Kullu valley, Jagat Sing transferred the capital from ‘Naggar to ‘Sultanpur’ probably about A.D. 1660 and built a palace for himself and a temple for Raghunathji. Thereafter, he resided alternately at Sultanpur, Naggar and Thawa-the (last named place is above Naggar).
• Zamindar of Kullu: Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor, was the only one to recognise Jagat Singh as the “Raja of Kullu”. Twelve farmans addressed to Jagat Singh before Aurangzeb from the Mughal court, called him ‘Zamindar of Kullu’.

Question: 20 Meghalaya Plateau is a part of Peninsular India Elaborate it.

Answer:

The Meghalaya Plateau is an extension of the main Peninsular plateau in the northeast also known as Shillong Plateau. The plateau is formed by Archaean quartzites, shales and schists. It is separated from the Chotanagpur Plateau by the Malda fault. Over time, this depression has been filled up by sediment deposition from numerous rivers.

The western, central and the eastern parts of the plateau are known as the Garo Hills (900 m), the Khasi-Jaintia Hills (1,500 m) and the Mikir Hills (700 m), named after the tribal groups inhabiting the area.

Shillong (1,961 m) is the plateau’s highest peak. Similar to the Chotanagpur Plateau, the Meghalaya plateau is rich in mineral resources such as coal, iron ore, sillimanite, limestone, and uranium.

The southwest monsoon brings the most rain to this region. As a result, the surface of the Meghalaya plateau is heavily degraded. Cherrapunji has a stark, stony terrain with no permanent flora cover.

Question: 21 Describe the pattern of winter rainfall in India with a suitable sketch.

Answer:

Nearly 20 percent of total rainfall received in India is in the months of winters. This winter rainfall is primarily received in two parts of India – The North western Part because of the western disturbances and South eastern part of India also known as coromandel coast due to North East Trade winds.

1. Rainfall in Coromandel coast – The widespread rain in this season is associated with Tropical cyclones primarily in the eastern coastal plains of India. A bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel coast is derived from these depressions and cyclones.
2. The North Western India – A western disturbance is an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain to the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is a non-monsoonal precipitation pattern driven by the westerlies. The moisture in these storms usually originates over the Mediterranean Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea. These western Disturbances are responsible for ripening of winter wheat in the NW part of India and Replenishment of Snow cover in the Himalayan belt.

Question: 22 Which are the main industrial regions in Himachal Pradesh? Which are the major Industries in them.

Answer:

The H.P State has 47 Industrial Areas and 17 Industrial Estates and offers market access to over 300 million customers (25 per cent population of India).

THE MAIN INDUSTRIAL REGIONS IN H.P ARE:

1) Baddi Barotiwala industrial area: Located in Solan distt.Major industries are pharmaceutical, textile, paper and printing units.

2) Parwanoo industrial area: Located in Solan distt.High density polyethylene pipe companies located here.

3) Paonta Sahib pharmaceuticals/chemicals: Located in Sirmaur distt.

4) Tahliwal and Gagret electronics: in Una distt.Known for telecommunication companies.

5) Sansarpur terrace: located in Kangra distt. Some of the leading engineering companies of North India located here.

6) Golthai region: located in Bilaspur distt. Identified as mini growth  centre.

New Industrial parks have been proposed at various locations in the State such as: Integrated Industrial township and Software Technology Park at Kangra, Integrated Industrial Township under MIIUS, Mega Food Park under Mega Food Park Scheme, Mega Textile Park at Una, Proposed Biotechnology Park at Aduwal and Bulk Drug Park at Una, Medical Devices Park in Solan, Software Technology Park at Mehli in Shimla .

Question: 23 Write a detailed geographical essay on Lesser Himalaya zone of Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

The Lesser Himalayan region is transitional zone between Outer Himalayas to south and higher Himalayas to north. Its altitude ranges from 700 metres in low lying valleys to 4000 metres on Dhauladhar peaks. These are known for hill stations and spiritual sites. The lesser Himalayas are known by their regional names like Pir Panjal in Kashmir, Mussoorie in Uttarakhand, Mahabharata in Nepal.

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF LESSER HIMALAYAS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Dhauladhar ranges: The Dhauladhar range and its offshoots running in the north and north-eastern margins of the region form the most significant landscape of Lesser Himalayas. Main Dhauladhar range lies between river Ravi in north west to the river Beas in middle east. Known as White mountains as they are always snow capped and lies south of Pir Panjal range. Dhauladhar ranges are cut by river Satluj near Rampur Bushahr, the Beas at Larji and Ravi near Dalhousie.

HIGHEST PEAK – Churdhar known as Churchandini in district Sirmaur is the highest peak.

VALLEYS IN LESSER HIMALAYAS

• Bhattiyat valley of Ravi: covers the whole area of tehsil Chowari.Valley is known as rice bowl of Chamba as production of basmati rice prominent here.

• Kangra valley of Beas: Situated in western Himalaya.Extends from foot of Dhauladhars to the south of river White mountain is the highest peak of Dhauladhar range which separates Kangra valley and Chamba.
• Bilaspur valley of Satluj: Satluj river divided this valley into two parts.Famous places are Bhakra dam, Govind sagar lake, Naina devi etc.
• Balh valley of Beas: Also known as Sundernagar valley.

• Karsog valley and Kunihar valley of Satluj.

Question: 24 The thesis that the rural is about caste and urban is about class is too simplistic. Give your views on this Statement.

Answer:

Caste can be defined as a hereditary, endogamous group having a common name, common traditional occupation, and common culture, relatively rigid in matters of mobility, the distinctiveness of status, and forming a single homogeneous community

Caste system perpetuate social hierarchy based on birth. It have segregated Indian society into many subgroups. These subgroup in turn decides what occupation they will take.

Complexity of Caste and Class in Rural and urban Areas

• Caste as an institution have been under attack in modern India. But it is still prevalent, although in a relatively milder state. The rural India practices it in a more rigid way than urban counterpart.
• In rural India, the so called upper castes are landed class. The land is most prized possession in agrarian economy. Therefore people with capital have greater say in day to day affairs.
• There is less mobility amongst caste in rural India . Most of the villages have few carpenter, barber etc and from very long time (generation) , they are into same job.
• In urban India, there is good churning. The caste based segregation can be observed but it is due to the fact that upper castes got education early and grabbed opportunities available in urban areas.
• The voting pattern in rural areas is based on caste equations. Therefore every caste have formed itself into a pressure group. This is challenging the old hierarchy of being kingmaker.
• The new economic structure and affirmative action by state is clearly changing ground situation for good.

What steps can be taken to placate the ill effects of the caste and class system? 

These are steps that can be taken to placate the ill effects of the caste system:

• Spread of Education:Caste feelings should be discouraged in educational institutions, and the students should be taught to resist these feelings whether they experience them in daily social interactions.
• Proper implementation of the law: Ensure strict implementation of the Atrocities Act as regards victims of violent abuse and other atrocities.
  • Each police station should have a scheduled caste/scheduled tribe atrocities cell to handle investigations of abuses and alleged violations of the Atrocities Act.
• Economic empowerment: Economic empowerment can help those who have been marginalized due to their caste by providing them with opportunities to improve their economic status.
• Public awareness campaigns: Public awareness campaigns can help raise awareness about caste-based discrimination. These campaigns should promote social harmony, a message that everyone is equal, regardless of their caste or social status.

Question: 25 Joint family system in Indian Society even in the rural area is getting nuclearized. What are the main reasons for this?

Answer:

There are many definitions of the Indian joint family but the most suitable definition given by Sociologist Davis, as per his definition consists of persons having a common male ancestor, female offspring not yet married, and women brought into the group by marriage.

Contrary to the perception that urban Indian families are going nuclear, data released by the central government shows that the proportional share of nuclear households has dipped in urban areas, with people choosing to live in extended families. Instead, it is in rural areas where there are greater signs of fragmentation of families with nuclear families rising and joint families declining at a faster pace than in urban areas.

According to the 2001 census, out of 19.31 crore households, 9.98 crore or 51.7% were nuclear households. In the 2011 census, the share grew to 52.1% — 12.97 crore nuclear out of 24.88 crore households.

What is striking is the decline in the proportional share of nuclear households in urban areas. From 54.3% of the urban households of 2001, nuclear families have fallen to 52.3% of all urban households. In contrast, in rural areas, the share of nuclear families has risen from 50.7% to 52.1%. Joint families, meanwhile, fell substantially to from 19.1% (3.69 crore) to 16.1% (4 crore) across India.

Reasons for Disintegration of Joint families in Rural Areas

• Land Fragmentation – Land fragmentation is an issue because it decreases agricultural productivity and diminishes the economic opportunities available. A small piece of land usually produces just about enough for the farmer and his family. So, people tend to move towards nuclear families.
• Migration – Lowagricultural income, agricultural unemployment and underemployment are the major factors pushing the migrants towards areas with greater job opportunities
• Economic Vulnerabilities –

1. Push factors: Adverse economic conditions caused by poverty, low productivity, unemployment, and exhaustionof natural resources.
2. Pull factors:Pull factors refer to those factors which attract the migrants to an area, such as opportunities for better employment, higher wages, better working conditions and better amenities of life, etc

• Agriculture not remunerative – Farmers are not earning proportionately to their production or matching agricultural growth. As such, a farmer’s share in consumers’ expenditure on food items is very low; sometimes, it is less than 66 per cent and as low as 20 per cent in case of fruits and vegetables. There are two key facets of the farmers’ crisis – falling income and indebtedness.

Sociologists say the breaking up of joint families in rural areas is a normal process of socialisation – “The human socialisation process generally percolates from urban to rural areas”. Thus, there is a reverse trend of nuclearization of families in urban areas to rural areas .

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 26 to 28 should not exceed to 400 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 20 marks.

Question: 26 Corruption is like a termite that destroys the best of systems. What suggestions would you prescribe for a robust and corruption-free system in India?

Answer:

Corruption is dishonest behaviour by people in positions of power. It starts with the tendency to use public office for personal gain. Apart from this, it is unfortunate that corruption has become a matter of habit for many people. It is so deeply entrenched that corruption is now considered a social norm. Therefore, corruption implies failure of morality.

Reasons behind corruption:

• Lack of Transparency: Lack of transparency in government processes, decision making and public administration provides more opportunities for corrupt practices. When actions and decisions are shielded from public scrutiny, officials can engage in corrupt activities with less fear of exposure.
• Weak institutions and ineffective legal frameworks: Many of India’s institutions responsible for enforcing laws and regulations are either weak or compromised.
• Low salaries and incentives: Low salaries of public sector officials, especially those in lower level positions, may make them more vulnerable to bribery and corrupt practices, as they view corruption as a means of supplementing their income. .
• Bureaucracy/RedTapism: Lengthy and complex bureaucratic processes and excessive regulations may lead individuals and businesses to engage in corrupt practices to speed up processes or avoid barriers.
• Political interference: Due to political interference in administrative matters, government institutions may be forced to compromise their autonomy. Politicians may pressure officials to engage in corrupt activities for personal or party gain.
• Lack of whistle-blower protection: Inadequate whistle-blower protection may deter individuals from reporting corruption. The fear of potential retaliation may compel whistle-blowers to remain silent, as well as enable corruption to flourish.
• Social Inequality: Social and economic inequalities can promote corruption, as individuals with money and power can use their influence to receive preferential treatment and engage in corrupt conduct without repercussions.

Suggestions to eliminate corruption:

• Establishing moral boundaries: Moral principles provide a framework for defining right and wrong. Ethics in the context of corruption sets clear boundaries that separate acceptable behavior from unethical or corrupt conduct.
• Promote accountability: Ethics demands that individuals take responsibility for their actions and decisions. When people are guided by ethical principles, their actions are more likely to be transparent and accountable, reducing the likelihood of corruption, which can harm others.
• Promoting transparency: Transparency is a key ethical principle. Ethical organizations and individuals are more likely to operate transparently and honestly and it is more difficult for corruption to flourish in an environment where actions and decisions are subject to scrutiny.
• Establishing trust: Trust is the cornerstone of ethical behaviour. When individuals and institutions are perceived as trustworthy, they are less likely to engage in or tolerate corruption. High levels of trust in society reduce the temptation to corruption.
• Promoting civic virtue: Moral values promote civic virtue, which encourages individuals to act in the best interest of society rather than seeking personal gain at the expense of others. Civic virtue is an effective deterrent to corruption.
• Support the rule of law: Ethical behaviour upholds the rule of law and respect for the legal and regulatory framework. Corrupt conduct often involves circumventing or violating the law, and adherence to ethics underpins respect for legal norms.
• Whistle-blower Protection: Ethical organizations and governments prioritize the protection of whistle-blowers who report corruption. Ethical values encourage reporting of unethical behaviour, which is important for exposing and addressing corruption.

Nolan Committee:

• In 1995, the Nolan Committee in the United Kingdom outlined seven ethical values to be embodied by public officials, officials, civil servants, bureaucrats, civil society and citizens to eliminate corruption:
• Selflessness: Public officials/bureaucrats should take decisions in the public interest.
• Integrity: Bureaucrats should not be under any financial or other obligation to outside persons or organizations which would affect their official duties.
• Objectivity: Bureaucrats should rely on merit while making public appointments, recommending people for contracts or awards, and benefits.
• Accountability: Bureaucrats are accountable to the public for their decisions and actions and should also keep their positions subject to scrutiny/review.
• Openness: There should be openness in all decisions and actions of bureaucrats. They should give clear reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when necessary for the larger public interest.
• Integrity: It is the duty of a bureaucrat to declare his personal interests related to public duties and take necessary steps to resolve any conflict that may interfere with protecting public interests.
• Leadership: Bureaucrats must develop and support these principles by leading by example through their leadership.

Conclusion:

Corruption is a termite in the country which is hollowing the country from within. It is a mirror of a person’s personality which shows how a person can take advantage of opportunities due to vices like greed, dissatisfaction, habit and mentality.

Question: 27 Discuss critically the major Tribal uprising, Civil Rebellions and Sepoy Mutinies in India against the British Rule during the period 1757-1856 A.D.

Answer:

The period between 1757 and 1856 witnessed a series of tribal uprisings, civil rebellions, and the infamous Sepoy Mutiny in India, reflecting the deep-seated discontent among various sections of society against British colonial rule.

Nature of Tribal Uprisings:

Indigenous communities resisted British intrusion, expressing grievances over land alienation, cultural clashes, and economic exploitation, challenging colonial dominance in various regions.

• Ho Uprisings (1820-1827)– Ho tribals revolted against the occupation of Singhbhum (now in Jharkhand). The revolt continued till 1827 when the Ho tribals were forced to submit.
• Santhal Rebellion (1855-1856): Santhals revolted against British land policies, seeking to protect their traditional agrarian practices in Bihar and Bengal.
• Bhils Uprisings(1817-1819): Various Bhil communities in Central India resisted British encroachment on their territories, highlighting cultural and territorial disputes.
• Koya Rebellion (1820-1821): Koya tribes in present-day Telangana protested against oppressive British revenue policies, expressing agrarian discontent and resistance.

Nature of Civil Rebellions

Agrarian discontent fueled protests against harsh revenue policies, exemplified by the Pabna Disturbances and Deccan Riots, reflecting resistance to economic exploitation and social disruption.

• Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800)

A group of sanyasis stood up in revolt due to hardships created by the famine of 1770 in Bengal and subsequent harsh economic orders of the British.

Originally, there were evicted peasants, they were soon joined by small zamindars, disbanded soldiers and rural poor. Equal participation of Hindus and Muslims was a characteristic feature of this uprising.

• Revolt of Velu Thambi(1808-09)

British residents of Travancore started interfering with the internal matters of the state. The British, sensing danger, sent a strong contingent asking for the removal of the Dewan. This order led to Velu Thambi starting a revolt in 1808.

Nature of Sepoy Mutinies

Sepoys revolted against cultural insensitivity, economic disparities& sepoys’ resistance to the imposition of European military discipline, including harsh punishments and regulations.

• Vellore Mutiny (1806)

Sir John Craddock, the Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army had issued orders prohibiting soldiers from wearing religious marks on their foreheads and also to trim their moustaches and shave off their beards. This offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.

Barrackpore mutiny of 1824

The mutiny had its roots in British insensitivity towards Indian cultural sentiments, combined with negligence and poor supply arrangements, which caused growing resentment amongst the sepoys of several regiments of the Bengal Native Infantry after a long march from Mathura to Barrackpore.

Consequences of such Uprisings included harsh British suppression reinforcing colonial dominance, cultural sensitivity reforms, and agrarian adjustments. The Sepoy Mutiny’s legacy was profound, sparking nationalist consciousness and ultimately paving the way for the organized struggle leading to India’s independence in 1947.

Question: 28 Describe air transportation in India and throw light on trunk air routes.

Answer:

Air transport in India made a beginning in 1911 when airmail operation commenced over a little distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini. But its real development took place in post-Independent period. The Airport Authority of India is responsible for providing safe, efficient air traffic and aeronautical communication services in the Indian Air Space. The authority manages 125 airports.

India is the 7th largest civil aviation market in the world and is set to become the world’s 3rd largest by 2024. Total Passenger traffic (International + Domestic) had been constantly increasing before the drastic fall in FY 2020-21 due to COVID-19. By 2036, India’s total passenger traffic (International + Domestic) is expected to be 480 million surpassing combined traffic of Japan and Germany.

Airports Authority of India (AAI): It was established in 1994 under the Airports Authority Act. AAI is responsible for developing, financing, operating and maintaining all Government airports in India. The Aircraft Act (1934) governs the remaining airports.

FOCUS AREA OF THE AVIATION SECTOR

• Robust Demand: Rising working group and widening middle class demography is expected to boost demand for air travel.
• Huge potential to develop India as an MRO hub
• Regional Connectivity and Development
• Promotion of Tourism

The aviation industry encompasses almost all aspects of air travel and the activities that help to facilitate it. This means it includes the entire airline industry, aircraft manufacturing, research companies, military aviation etc.

With the increased interconnected world under the aegis of globalization, movement of people and goods has enormously increased. India is expected to overtake China and the United States as the world’s third-largest air passenger market in the next ten years, by 2030, according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

As per the National Civil Aviation Policy 2016 India has an ideal geographical location between the eastern and western hemisphere, a strong middle class of about 30 crore Indians and a rapidly growing Indian economy. Moreover, gigantic stretch of India both North to South and East to West is great push for the aviation Industry in India to flourish.

SCOPE OF AVIATION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

1) The increase in growth of economy

Growth rate of the economy has been steadily rising. The growing economic activity resulted in greater business travel by professionals and greater leisure travel by individuals.

2) Expanding middle-income group

These income groups drive the consumption pattern in India and are primarily concentrated in

urban areas. These can be a cause to the boom in aviation industry in India.

3) Demographic dividend

62% of the population is in the working age group of 15-60 years and this proportion is set to increase in future indicating a larger employee base, greater business travel and greater economic activity.

4) Investments in Airport and related infrastructure

Opening up of the airport infrastructure to private sector participation fuelled the growth of the air traffic in India.  Rapidly expanding air transport network aided by massive investments in the airport infrastructure could be cited as one of the key reasons for the surge in air passenger traffic in India.

5) Growing tourism

In line with the trend observed in growth of India’s GDP, the tourism sector has displayed stellar

performance during the last decade. This in turn holds greater value for the civil aviation industry in India and it can help connect people to their tourist/destination places in very less time as compared to road and rail travel.

6) Thrust on Remote area Connectivity

In areas with difficult terrain, air transport offers the fastest mode of connectivity to remote and

inaccessible regions. Given the thrust of the Government of India to enhance connectivity in remote and inaccessible regions of the country and concerted efforts of some State governments in this respect, there is a strong likelihood of demand emanating from these areas in future.

7) Global integration of businesses

Greater economic activity and the consequent greater integration of businesses globally would mean greater business travellers across national boundaries. Also, the growing trend of outbound Mergers and Acquisitions (M & A) i.e. Indian firms acquiring International firms in order to capture markets and resources abroad,  is set to grow further in future implies greater business related travel.

8) Shift in traffic

Global air traffic is seen shifting to Asia Pacific region during the last few years. This is on account of the slowdown in Europe and North America. Within the Asia Pacific region China and India are the two fastest growing economies and they are becoming the epicenter of supply and distribution. Global air traffic Forecasts for 2030 in this context also point to that direction.

CHALLENGES OF AVIATION SECTOR

1. The rates and fare charged by airlines are substantially higher than that of Railways/Roadways. It is a class transport rather than mass transport. Therefore, still the volume of Traffic is low.
2. There is the problem of last-mile connectivity with airways. It can only be provided by Railways/Roadways.
3. Air transport is not fit for carrying heavyweight cargo, which can only be transported by Railways/Roadways/Shipping.
4.  High Central Excise and State VAT on Aviation Turbine Fuel which increase the Air fare.
5. Aviation sector is highly capital intensive. Expansion of Airports is also very difficult.
6. Financial Health: Though India is among the fastest-growing aviation markets in the world, its airlines have been gripped in losses. The Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation predicts expects India’s consolidated airline industry to post a loss of $1.65 billion.
7. Gaps in Infrastructure: Airport infrastructure and Air Traffic Control (ATC) foundation are insufficient to help development while start has been made to redesign the infrastructure, the outcomes will be visible after some years.

CIVIL AVIATION POLICY – This is the first time since independence that an integrated Civil Aviation Policy has been brought out by the Ministry. The centre-piece of the policy is to make regional air connectivity a reality. The policy aims to take flying to the masses by making it affordable and convenient, establish an integrated eco-system which will lead to significant growth of the civil aviation sector to promote tourism, employment and balanced regional growth, enhance regional connectivity through fiscal support and infrastructure development and enhance ease of doing business through deregulation, simplified procedures and e-governance.

UDAAN – The Ministry of Civil Aviation took a major step today towards making flying a reality for the small town common man by launching much awaited Regional Connectivity Scheme“ UDAN” which stands for  “Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik”.

This scheme ensure affordability, connectivity, growth and development. It would provide a win-win situation for all stakeholders – citizens would get the benefit of affordability, connectivity and more jobs. The Centre would be able to expand the regional air connectivity and market. The state governments would reap the benefit of development of remote areas, enhance trade and commerce and more tourism expansion. For incumbent airlines there was the promise of new routes and more passengers while for and start-up airlines there is the opportunity of new, scalable business. Airport operators will also see their business expanding as would original equipment manufacturers.

The States have a key role under the scheme. The selection of airports where UDAN operations would start would be done in consultation with State Government and after confirmation of their concessions. It may be recalled that revival of dysfunctional airports and starting operations on un-served airports has been a long standing demand of most States and this will be addressed through UDAN to a large extent. The scheme UDAN envisages providing connectivity to un-served and under-served airports of the country through revival of existing air-strips and airports. The scheme would be in operation for a period of 10 years.

The UDAN is likely to a give a major fillip to tourism and employment generation in the hinterland. Through introduction of helicopters and small aircraft, it is also likely to significantly reduce travel timings in remote and hilly regions, as well as islands and other areas of the country.

TRUNK ROUTES IN INDIA

Aviation authorities have classified airline routes in India into four broad categories. The first is Category I routes — the metro, or trunk, routes such as Mumbai-Bangalore, Kolkata-Delhi, Mumbai-Delhi etc.

The second, Category-II routes, connect the metro airports with airports in the North East, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Examples: Delhi-Srinagar, Delhi – Guwahati, Delhi – Dibrugarh.

The third, routes within the North East, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar Lakshadweep. Examples: Delhi-Srinagar, Delhi – Guwahati, Delhi – Dibrugarh. The third, routes within the North East, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep, are classified as Category II-A. Examples: Agartala- Bagdogra, Imphal-Guwahati. All routes that do not fall in Category-I and Category-II constitute the fourth, called Category-III routes. Examples: Delhi – Pune, Bengaluru – Pune.