HPAS Mains 2022 (General Studies Paper I ): Questions and Model Answers

February 18, 2023

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 1 to 15 should not exceed 60 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 4 marks.

Question: 1 Give an account of three important events of Viceroy Sir John Lawrence period.

Answer:

Viceroy John Lawrence served as Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869.

At the conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War, Sir Henry Hardinge appointed Lawrence to govern the newly-annexed Jullundur district and Hill-States regions of the Punjab

Expansion of British Empire: Bhutan War (1864–65). The British defeated an undefended Bhutan and annexed Assam and Bengal Duars)
Administrative Decisions: Establishment of Shimla as India’s summer capital in 1864 and establishment of Allahabad High Court in 1866.
Famine Commission: The Famine Commission was constituted in 1867 under Henry Campbell due to Orissa famine of 1866.

Question: 2 Highlight the contribution of Barindra Kumar Ghosh in Indian Freedom Struggle.

Answer:

Barindra Kumar Ghosh also known as Barin Ghosh was an Indian revolutionary and journalist.
Revolutionary activities: Barinder Ghosh was instrumental in the recruitment of many young revolutionaries from across Bengal. The revolutionaries formed the Maniktala group in Maniktala, It was a secret place where they started manufacturing bombs and collected arms and ammunition.
Journalist: He was one of the founding members of Jugantar Bengali weekly, a revolutionary outfit in Bengal. In 1933 he started an English weekly, The Dawn of India. He was associated with the newspaper The Statesman, and in 1950, he became the editor of the Bengali daily Dainik Basumati.

Question: 3. Throw light on the significance of Ancient Jaina Literature.

Answer:

Significance of Ancient Jain Literature:

Development of Regional Languages:

The development of numerous Indian languages is said to have been aided by Jain literature. Apart from Hindi, Jaina literary works are available in Sanskrit, Marathi, Gujarati, Kannada, Tamil, Malayalam, Rajasthani, and Marwari.
Banarasidasa’s Ardhakathanakais the earliest autobiography in Braj Bhasha, which is considered the forerunner to Hindi.
Many Jaina literary works,such as Kahas and grammar, were composed in
Apabhramsa is thought to be the forerunner of numerous Gangetic plains Indian languages.
Shauraseni contains some of the earliest Jaina literature, which contributed to the formation of languages such as Gujarati and Marwari.

Development of Important learning centres

Before declining, the universities of Valabhi and Kalinga were prominent centers of study for Jains.
Jain monks wrote significantly in Kannada between the9th and 12th centuries. The famed Jain writer’s Pampa, Ponna, and Ranna are the three pearls of Kannada literature.

Question: 4. Discuss the social contribution of Gopal Hari Deshmukh.

Answer:

Gopal Hari Deshmukh was an Indian activist, thinker, social reformer and writer from Maharashtra.
Deshmukh started writing articles aimed at social reform in Maharashtra in the weekly Prabhakarunder the pen name Lokhitawadi.
He promoted liberation and education of women, and wrote against arranged child marriages, dowry system, and polygamy, all of which were prevalent in India in his times.
He wrote against the evils of the caste systemwhich was strongly prevalent in India in his times, condemned harmful Hindu religious orthodoxy, and attacked the monopoly in religious matters and rituals which Brahmin priests had through a long tradition (Although Deshmukh, himself, belonged to the Brahmin caste.

Question: 5. Define hybrid hazard.

Answers

A hybrid disaster can be defined as a natural phenomenon, where human intervention causes disorder that leads to big risk events, resulting in a disaster that exceeds the capacity of society to respond to it. The most important types of these disasters are flood and flash flood. Like recently in Amarnath Cloud Burst was converted into flash floods causing heavy casualties. Similarly in 2013, In Uttarakhand Cloud Burst was converted into Flash flood causing huge amount of loss of life and property.

Question: 6. Write a note on Morbi Disaster.

Answer:

Morbi Disaster is a manmade disaster happed in October 2022. In this accident a pedestrian suspension bridge over the Machchhu River in the city of Morbi in Gujarat, India, collapsed, causing the deaths of at least 135 people

Reason –

The bridge’s steel cables gave way under the weight of a crowd of visitors. More than five hundred people were on the bridge at the time of the collapse, far exceeding the official capacity of 125.
The private firm responsible for the renovations “threw the bridge open to visitors without getting a safety audit of the bridge.

Question: 7. Write a geographical note on Vishal Tal.

ANSWERS:

The Suraj Taal also named Vishal Taal after a Kargil war hero. It is situated at an altitude of 4800 meters. The lake is fed from the glaciers and nullahs (streams) originating from the Bara-lacha-la pass. The lake is situated in the Upper Himalayan Zone or High Latitudinal Zone part of the Himalayas.

Climatic aspects: Due to High Latitudinal Zone it has very sparse population with climatic conditions akin to polar conditions. Snowfall in this zone, though scanty, is reported to be spread all round the year. Rainfall precipitation is rare in the region.
Source of Bhaga River: The lake is the source of Bhaga river. The Bhaga River flows north-west through Suraj Tal to Tandi, the confluence point with Chandra River.
Geology: The Lake’s geology is similar to the nearby Bara-lacha-la Pass, which is reported to be an early rifting event on the northern Indian passive margin and that the Basalts which are emplaced along the trans–tensional faults indicate that.

Question: 8. What do you understand by the concept “Inclusive governance”? How does it make the polity more democratic?

ANSWER:

The concept of “governance” is not new. It is as old as human civilization.
Governance is inclusive when it effectively serves and engages all people; takes into account gender and other facets of personal identity; and when institutions, policies, processes, and services are accessible, accountable and responsive to all members of society. Various initiatives like RTI, citizen charter, PRIs etc. are launched to promote the concept of “inclusive governance”.
Fostering governance that is inclusive is essential to advancing democratic values, including peaceful pluralism and respect for diversity, human rights and equality before the law and hence in ensuring that the democracy is truly participative.

Question: 9. Discuss the role of technology innovation in bringing about fairness and transparency in public delivery system.

ANSWER:

Technology can be used to transform the traditional gov

ernment by making it accessible, transparent, effective, and accountable. Administrative affairs grapple with leakages in public delivery systems of welfare and development goals which can be reduced by using technological solutions.

Technology plays a crucial role in delivering citizen services which can be understood through the following points-

Online Filing of Complaints and Grievances: This will enable online filing, redressal and follow up of complaints pertaining to services offered by government. It will help citizens to ventilate their grievances online and also help government to get feedback on their policies, pronouncements and actions.
Online Payment of Dues Financial management of governments hinges on a sound, transparent, efficient and foolproof tax collection system. Equally, citizens require an easy and flexible system to pay their taxes and dues.
Easy Access to Information: In pursuance of the Right to Information Act, this facility allows access to all kinds of valuable information to citizens with respect to government programmes, databases pertaining to old age pensions, ration cards, multi-purpose household survey records, beneficiaries under various self-employment schemes, civil works, etc.
Issuance of Land Records Online Information relating to land plays a very important role. These may include primary information about land presented in terms of its geological information like the shape, size, landforms and soils; economic information related to land use, irrigation and crops; and information pertaining to legal rights, registration and taxation.

Question: 10. How does celebration of diversity of cultures help in achieving stronger unity? Explain it in the context of Indian Society.

Answer:

Celebration of diversity of cultures helps in achieving stronger unity in society by promoting understanding, acceptance, and appreciation of different cultures and traditions. This, in turn, helps to foster a sense of shared identity and collective pride in the diversity of a society.
In the context of Indian society, where there are hundreds of distinct cultures and traditions, the celebration of diversity has played a crucial role in promoting national unity. For example, India celebrates many festivals throughout the year, including Diwali, Holi, Eid, and Christmas, among others. These festivals are celebrated by people of different religions, castes, and regions, and bring together people from different backgrounds and communities.
Similarly, India has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, including various forms of music, dance, art, and literature, which reflect the unique identities and traditions of different regions and communities. By promoting and celebrating these diverse cultural traditions, India has been able to create a strong sense of national unity and pride in its rich cultural heritage.
In conclusion, the celebration of diversity in India has helped to create a sense of unity and collective identity among its people. By embracing and celebrating the unique cultural traditions of different regions and communities, India has been able to build a strong and vibrant society that is united in its diversity

Question: 11. Tribal societies are in transition all over the world. Analyse the factors and impact of this transition in Himachal Pradesh.

ANSWER:

Tribal societies in Himachal Pradesh are undergoing significant changes as a result of various factors, including economic development, urbanization, education, and government policies. These changes have had a profound impact on the lives and cultures of specific tribes in the region.
One example is the Gaddi tribe, who are primarily found in the districts of Kangra and Chamba. The Gaddis are primarily shepherds and have a strong cultural tradition centered around their livestock. In recent years, however, the Gaddis have been facing a number of challenges due to the rapid pace of economic development in the region. For example, the expansion of tourism and the growth of the hydroelectric power sector have led to the displacement of many Gaddi families from their ancestral lands. This has had a profound impact on the tribe’s traditional way of life and has led to the erosion of their cultural practices and values.
Another example is the Kinnaur tribe, who are primarily found in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. The Kinnaur tribe has a rich cultural heritage, centered around the production of Kinnaur apples, Kinnaur shawls, and Kinnaur Kala, a type of wood carving. However, the tribe has been facing numerous challenges in recent years, including the impact of climate change, which has led to declining yields of Kinnaur apples, and the loss of traditional Kinnaur Kala skills due to the migration of young people to urban areas in search of work.
The impact of these changes has been both positive and negative. On the one hand, the transition has brought greater economic opportunities, improved access to education, and better health care. On the other hand, the transition has also led to the erosion of traditional cultures and practices, displacement from ancestral lands, and an increased vulnerability to exploitation and discrimination.

Question: 12. Development has a cost element attached to it. What would be your suggestion for sustainable development in Himachal Pradesh.

ANSWER:

There is a need to balance economic development with environmental protection for the sake of sustainable development. The man-made changes and natural exploitation for economic growth are the major contributors to climate change and its effects.

Suggestions for sustainable development in Himachal Pradesh:

Promoting Eco tourism: There should be more focus on promoting eco-tourism, regulating the construction of tourist infrastructure, and involving local communities in the planning and management of tourism activities.
Protecting the rights of tribal communities: Tribal communities in Himachal Pradesh are vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination, particularly with regards to their land rights. It is important to ensure that their rights are protected and that they are able to participate in decision-making processes that affect their lives.
Improving access to education and healthcare: Access to education and healthcare is essential for promoting sustainable development in Himachal Pradesh. It is important to invest in improving the quality and accessibility of these services, particularly in remote and tribal areas, to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to lead healthy and fulfilling lives.
Encouraging sustainable resource use: The natural resources of Himachal Pradesh, such as forests, water, and minerals, are an important part of its economic and cultural heritage. It is important to take steps to ensure that they are used sustainably, such as implementing policies that promote sustainable forest management and regulating the extraction of minerals.

Question: 13. What is pilgrimage tourism? Do you think this could be a model for promotion of cultural integration in India?

Answer:

India is a land of pilgrimage. Travel for religious purposes has been there from the most ancient times. Practically, all religions – Hindu, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism have their major and minor pilgrimage centers in different parts of the country. There are also centers of Sufism, churches and mosques that are visited by people.

Pilgrimage tourism strengthens the relationship of people with their religion. Pilgrimage tourism promotes cultural exchange between different religion by mobilizing people. Moreover, Pilgrimage tourism allows people to visit different parts and cultural of India thus providing them a feeling of belongingness and oneness. Hence, Pilgrimage Tourism could be used as an effective instrument for cultural integration in India.

The government of India has launched the PRASAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive) scheme in the year 2014-2015 under the Ministry of Tourism with the same objective.

Question: 14. Traditional rituals and customs among the people of Himachal Have been undergoing transformations due to modernization and market forces. What is your opinion on this statement and how do you think these social practices could be saved from extinction?

ANSWER:

It is true that traditional rituals and customs among the people of Himachal Pradesh, as in many other parts of the world, have been undergoing transformations due to modernisation and market forces. Some of these changes are driven by the desire to embrace modernity and progress, while others are driven by economic and social factors.
However, the loss of traditional rituals and customs can be seen as a loss of cultural heritage and identity, and as a threat to social cohesion and community life. To preserve these important social practices, it may be necessary to take a number of steps, including:

Promoting cultural education: Increasing awareness of the importance of traditional rituals and customs, and providing education about their history and significance, can help to preserve them and ensure that they are passed down to future generations.
Encouraging community involvement: Engaging members of the community in traditional rituals and customs, and encouraging them to participate in their preservation and continuation, can help to maintain these practices and keep them alive.
Supporting local businesses and traditions: Supporting local businesses and industries that are involved in traditional crafts and practices can help to preserve them and ensure their sustainability.
Promoting cultural tourism: Encouraging cultural tourism, and providing support and resources to local communities to preserve and promote their traditional rituals and customs, can help to raise awareness and provide a source of income that can support the preservation of these practices.
Government support: Government support, in the form of funding, resources, and regulation, can be instrumental in preserving traditional rituals and customs and ensuring their continuation.

By taking these steps, it may be possible to preserve traditional rituals and customs among the people of Himachal Pradesh, and to ensure their continued relevance and importance in modern society.

Question: 15. Explain the main social – economic reasons behind the increasing trend of pompousness and exhibitionism in marriages of Himachal Society.

ANSWER:

Marriage is an important event in the lives of individuals and is often seen as an opportunity to demonstrate wealth, status, and cultural identity. In Himachal Pradesh, as in many other parts of India, there has been a growing trend towards pompousness and exhibitionism in marriages in recent years. This trend is driven by a variety of socio-economic factors, including:

Rising income levels: As incomes have risen in Himachal Pradesh, people have more disposable income to spend on weddings, leading to an increase in the size and grandeur of weddings.
Changing attitudes towards status and status symbols: There is a growing sense among many people in Himachal Pradesh that large, lavish weddings are a way to demonstrate wealth and status, and to establish social and cultural identity.
Influence of media: The media, particularly television and film, has had a major impact on attitudes towards weddings and the expectations of what a wedding should look like. This has led to the spread of more grandiose and exhibitionistic wedding styles.
Competition among families and communities: Weddings are often seen as a way to compete with others, and families and communities may feel pressure to make their weddings as grand and memorable as possible.
Influence of consumerism: The rise of consumerism has also had a significant impact on the trend towards exhibitionism in marriages. The growth of the wedding industry, with its emphasis on lavish events and lavish spending, has encouraged people to spend more on weddings.

These are some of the main socio-economic reasons behind the increasing trend towards pompousness and exhibitionism in marriages in Himachal Pradesh. While these weddings may be seen as a way to demonstrate wealth, status, and cultural identity, they also have the potential to contribute to economic inequality and to put significant financial strain on families.

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 16 to 25 should not exceed to 120 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 8 marks.

Question: 16. Write a critical note on the concept of “Socialism”. Also discuss its salient features.

Answer:

Socialism is a political-economic theory in which the means of production and distribution are owned by the state. Here, socialism’s goal is to make sure that production satisfies the needs and desires of its population and that distribution is fair and equal. In a socialist society, the government provides citizens with everything they need, including food and healthcare.
The socialist nations of Russia, Cuba, China, and Venezuela are a few examples.
No nation in the modern world can be termed as truly socialist.

Characteristics:

Social ownership of the means of production and centralized management of the economy consist of a system of production and distribution organized to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs,
Not private profit driven by the accumulation of capital.
Accounting would be based on physical quantities, a common physical magnitude, or a direct measure of labour-time in place of financial calculation.
Distribution would be based on the principle to each according to his need.
Emphasis on profit being distributed among the society or workforce to complement individual wages/salaries.

Criticism

Economic liberals see private ownership of the means of production and the market exchange as natural entities or moral rights, which are central to their conceptions of freedom and liberty; they therefore perceive public ownership of the means of production, cooperatives and economic planning as infringements upon liberty.
Some of the primary criticisms of socialism are claims that it creates distorted or absent price signals, results in reduced incentives, causes reduced prosperity,
It has low feasibility in terms of financial and administrative aspects.

Way Forward in Indian Context

The goal of socialism should be to free people from hunger, malnutrition, and widespread poverty. The underprivileged segment of society should be given possibilities for employment and a means of subsistence. It shouldn’t be utilised to polarise society on a political front. After all, a nation’s citizens’ well-being is taken into account, and healthy citizens contribute to a strong democracy.

Question: 17. Highlight the major geographical characteristics of Karewas.

Answer:

Karewas are highly fertile alluvial soil deposits found in the Kashmir valley.In the Kashmiri dialect, Karewas means “elevated table-land.”

Geographical characteristics:

Formation of Karewas: Kashmir valley resides between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal ranges of the Kashmir Himalayas. In earlier times, when the upliftment of the Pir Panjal ranges happened, the flow of the river had stopped. As a result, the whole of Kashmir valley became a large lake. Slowly, the glacial deposits have accumulated here in this lake. Thus creating a large lacustrine plain.Later on, the water drained away and these unconsolidated deposits remained there. These unconsolidated gravel and mud deposits are known as Karewa formation.
Nature of Karewas: Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines forming a succession of plateaus in the Valley of Kashmir. These plateaus are 13,000-18,000-metre-thick deposits of alluvial soil and sediments formed during the Pleistocene period. This makes them ideal for cultivation of saffron, almonds, apples and several other cash crops.
Economic significance of Karewas: Karewa deposits have different soil and sediments such as sand, clay, silt, shale, mud, lignite and losses. Hence, these are very useful for agricultural and horticulture activities. Karewa formations are useful for the cultivation of Zafran is a local variety of Saffron in Kashmir valley. These are also important for the cultivation of almond, walnut, apple, and orchards.

Question: 18. How does the physiography of India affect its climate? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Physiography plays a cardinal role in shaping the relief of a region. Relief or Topography contributes in the climate of a place by affecting rainfall and Temperature.
In the North, the young fold tertiary originated Himalayas provide India with Tundra climate or permafrost region with gigantic glaciers like Siachen, Baltoro, Gangotri etc. despite lying in Sub-tropical Belt.
Similarly in the central India with Highlands and series of plateau we witness high rainfall than usual. Therefore, making Vindhyachal and Satpura abode of dense forests with highest concentration of tribe in India.
Because of the Highrise western ghats in the peninsular part, Temperate climate in Ooty, Kodaikanal, Mahabaleshwar etc could be experience in the Tropical zone.
The Low relief Aravalis experience a little rainfall even during summer monsoon when whole of India is plunged in water because of its physiography.
Therefore, Physiography in India shapes the climate of India at regional level.

Question: 19. How can depleting groundwater resources be made effective in urban areas of India?

Answer:

With the rising urbanization and population explosion, the demand of water is increasing exponentially. India is the largest user of groundwater in the world, extracting about 25% of the global groundwater extraction. 21 major cities of India are expected to run out of groundwater as soon as 2020, affecting around 100 million people.
According to the CGWB (Central Ground Water Board), with 230 billion metre cubes of groundwater drawn out each year for irrigating agriculture lands in India, many parts of the country are experiencing rapid depletion of groundwater.

INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT TO ARREST THE GROUND

Creation of a new Ministry of Jal Shakti for dealing with all matters relating to water at one place in an integrated manner.
The National Water Policy (2012) by Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation. The policy advocates Rainwater harvesting and conservation of water.
Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal): It is a 6000 crore Central Sector Scheme with World Bank assistance, for sustainable management of ground water resources with community participation.
Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): It was launched in 2019 in 256 water stressed districts in the country to improve water availability including ground water conditions in these areas. It has special emphasis on creation of recharge structures, rejuvenation of traditional water bodies, intensive afforestation etc.

Question: 20. While defining yellow revolution, explain the problems and strategies for edible oils development in India.

Answer:

Yellow Revolution is spectacularly increased in the production of oil to achieve self-reliance mostly due to the use of hybrid seeds like mustard and improved technology for oil production. It was first launched in 1986-87 in India with the total production of about 12 million tons. Which nearly doubled in ten years to about 24 million tons. The oilseed accounts for 13% of the Gross Cropped Area, 3% of the Gross National Product and 10% value of all agricultural commodities.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDIBLE OILS IN INDIA

India is the world’s second-largest consumer and number one importer of vegetable oil and it meets 55-60 per cent of its need through imports. Although the oilseed production in India has grown over the years, the production has lagged its consumption, resulting in continuous dependence on imports. India is the largest importer of vegetable oils in the world followed by China and USA. Of all the imported edible oils, the share of palm oil is about 60 per cent followed by soyabean oil with a share of 25 per cent and sunflower at 12 per cent.
Relatively low growth in the area under cultivation or acreage and a stagnant crop yield were the major reasons for stagnant edible oilseed output. Subdued growth of oil seeds production in India can also be attributed to the lower level of mechanization of farming.
Majority of Oil Seed cropped area comes under dryland which again capped its production and productivity.

STRATEGIES FOR EDIBLE OILS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

The government of India launched National Mission on Edible Oils as a centrally-sponsored scheme.
National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Oilseeds and Oil Palm to increase the production and productivity of oilseed crops and area expansion of oil palm in the country. Under the Mission, various interventions such as improved seed replacement, increased seed production, large-scale demonstrations, supply of critical inputs, arrangement for life-saving irrigation, mechanisation inputs, post-harvest management and promotion of oilseeds in rice fallow are undertaken.

Question: 21. Critically examine the gender dimension of stratification system in Indian Society. Do you think legal measures are enough for women empowerment or we need to also invest in social awareness campaign?

Answer:

Social stratification refers to a ranking of people or groups of people within a society. Social stratification refers to a system with predictable rules behind the ranking of individuals and groups which theories of social stratification are meant to uncover and understand.

Gender dimension of stratification system in Indian Society

The gender dimension of the stratification system in Indian society has several key features, which include:

Patriarchy: Indian society has a strong patriarchal tradition, where men hold a higher social and economic status than women. This has resulted in gender-based discrimination, including unequal access to education, employment, and political representation for women.
Son Preference: There is a cultural preference for having sons over daughters in India, leading to gender-biased sex selection and female foeticide. This has resulted in a skewed gender ratio and a higher status for men compared to women.
Domestic Division of Labor: There is a clear division of labor in the household, with women typically performing unpaid care work and men performing paid work outside the home. This reinforces gender inequalities and limits women’s economic opportunities.
Education Disparities: There are significant disparities in access to education between men and women in India, with girls facing more barriers to education. This limits their opportunities for upward social mobility and contributes to the persistence of gender inequality.
Unequal Pay: Women in India typically earn less than men, even in similar occupations, reflecting the persistence of gender-based discrimination in the labor market.
Stereotyping and Prejudice: Gender-based stereotypes and prejudice are widespread in Indian society, leading to discrimination and limiting the opportunities for women in various domains.

Legal Measures for women empowerment in India

The Indian Constitution and legal system have several measures in place to empower women and promote gender equality in India. Some of the key measures include:

Fundamental Rights: The Indian Constitution recognizes the equality of all citizens, regardless of gender. This includes the right to life, liberty, and equality before the law, as well as the right to freedom from discrimination on the grounds of sex.
Protective Legislation: There are several laws in place to protect the rights of women in India, including the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Dowry Prohibition Act, the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.
Reservation for Women: The Indian Constitution provides for reservation for women in the local self-government bodies and in the legislative bodies, to ensure their participation in the political process and decision-making.
Education: The Indian Constitution recognizes the right to education as a fundamental right, and there have been efforts to improve access to education for girls and women.
Labor Laws: There are several labor laws in place to protect the rights of women in the workplace, including the Equal Remuneration Act and the Maternity Benefit Act.

Shortcoming of Legal Measures for women empowerment in India

Despite the various legal measures in place to empower women and promote gender equality in India, there are several shortcomings and challenges that need to be addressed:

Implementation: One of the main challenges is the implementation of these laws and policies. Many of these measures are not effectively enforced, leading to a lack of accountability for violators and limited protection for women.
Lack of Awareness: There is a lack of awareness among women about their rights and the laws that protect them, making it difficult for them to access justice and protection.
Societal Attitudes: Patriarchal attitudes and biases are deeply ingrained in Indian society, and these attitudes often obstruct the effective implementation of laws and policies aimed at promoting gender equality.
Inadequate Funding: There is often inadequate funding for programs and initiatives aimed at empowering women and promoting gender equality, limiting their effectiveness and reach.
Lack of Political Will: There is often a lack of political will to address gender-based discrimination and violence, and to implement effective measures to promote gender equality.
Weaknesses in the Legal System: There are also weaknesses in the legal system, including lengthy court processes, a lack of trained personnel, and a general lack of sensitivity to gender issues.

Importance of Social Awareness Campaign to bring about women empowerment in India

Social awareness campaigns play a crucial role in bringing about women’s empowerment in India. Some of the ways in which social awareness campaigns can help promote women’s empowerment include:

Changing Mindsets: Social awareness campaigns can help change patriarchal attitudes and biases that perpetuate gender inequality, and promote gender-sensitive and empowering perspectives.
Raising Awareness: Social awareness campaigns can raise awareness among women about their rights, and the laws and policies that protect them, empowering them to access justice and protection.
Building Support: Social awareness campaigns can help build support for women’s empowerment initiatives, and increase the public’s engagement and participation in these initiatives.
Addressing Stereotypes: Social awareness campaigns can help address harmful stereotypes and biases against women, and promote a more inclusive and equitable society.
Encouraging Political Will: Social awareness campaigns can help build political will and momentum to address gender-based discrimination and violence, and to implement effective measures to promote gender equality.

There have been several social awareness campaigns in India aimed at promoting women’s empowerment and gender equality. Some examples include:

“Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” (Save the Daughter, Educate the Daughter): This campaign was launched by the Indian government to address the issue of declining child sex ratios and to promote the education of girls in India.
“Why Loiter” campaign: This campaign was launched by a group of women in Mumbai to challenge patriarchal attitudes and to encourage women to reclaim public spaces.
“Daughters are Precious” campaign: This campaign was launched by the United Nations in India to address the issue of female foeticide and to promote the value of girls and women in society.
“Break the Chain” campaign: This campaign was launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development to raise awareness about domestic violence and to encourage women to break the cycle of abuse.
“She Inspires Us” campaign: This campaign was launched by the UN Women to celebrate the achievements of women and to inspire others to take action to promote gender equality.

In conclusion, both social awareness campaigns and legal measures are crucial for achieving women’s empowerment in India. By addressing harmful attitudes and beliefs, raising awareness, building support, and holding governments accountable, these two strategies can work together to create a more empowering and equitable society for women in India.

Question: 22. Discuss the changing patterns of the marriage system among the tribes. Also underline the reasons leading to these changes.

Answer:

Marriage practices among tribes in India vary widely across different regions and communities. There are several specific examples and case studies that demonstrate the changing patterns of marriage systems among tribes in India. Here are a few examples:

The Naga tribes of North-East India: The Naga tribes, known for their strong cultural identity, have seen a shift away from traditional forms of marriage. The practice of “headhunting” has been banned, and many Nagas have started opting for monogamous marriages and civil marriages.
The Gond tribes of Central India: The Gond tribes have traditionally followed a matrilineal system, with inheritance and property rights passing through the mother’s line. However, the influence of patriarchal values and changing economic circumstances have led to a shift towards patrilineal systems. Many Gonds are now opting for monogamous marriages and civil marriages, as well.
The Bhil tribes of Rajasthan: The Bhil tribes have traditionally followed a polygynous marriage system, with men having multiple wives. However, the influence of education and changing gender norms has led to a decrease in the number of polygynous marriages. Today, many Bhils opt for monogamous marriages or civil marriages, reflecting a change in attitudes towards women and gender equality.

These are just a few examples of the changing patterns of marriage systems among tribes in India. Overall, the trend is towards more modern forms of marriage that are based on equality and individual choice, reflecting the influence of education, urbanization, women’s empowerment, and government policies. However, many tribes still hold on to their traditional marriage practices, which are an important part of their cultural heritage and identity.

Factors behind changing patterns of marriage system among the tribes:

In recent years, there have been some changes in the patterns of marriage systems among tribes in India. Some of the factors driving these changes include:

Education: As more and more people receive an education, there has been a shift away from traditional marriage practices. Many people are now opting for more modern forms of marriage, such as monogamy and civil marriages.
Urbanization: As people move from rural to urban areas, they are exposed to new ideas and ways of life. This is leading to changes in the patterns of marriage among tribes, with many people opting for new forms of marriage that reflect the changing times.
Women’s empowerment: Women are increasingly asserting their rights and demanding more equality in marriage. This is leading to changes in the traditional marriage practices of some tribes, with more women opting for modern forms of marriage that allow them greater freedom and autonomy.
Government policies: The Indian government has implemented several policies aimed at improving the status of women and promoting gender equality. Some of these policies have had a significant impact on the patterns of marriage among tribes, encouraging people to adopt more equitable forms of marriage.

Despite these changes, many tribes still hold on to their traditional marriage practices, which are an important part of their cultural heritage and identity.

Question: 23. Examine critically the Mughals and Hills states relations between the period 1605 A.D. to 1658 A.D.

Answer:

Mughal rule in Delhi was established in 1526 A.D. After winning the second battle of Panipat, Akbar continued his winning spree and kept on consolidating his empire at the same time. In the quest of consolidating Mughal empire Akbar made efforts to exercise his full authority over the hill states. The states of Nurpur, Guler, Jaswan, Kangra, Kullu, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket and Chamba were subordinated, and they all accepted his overlordship. Between 1605 and 1658 Jahangir and Shah Jahan were sitting on the Mughal throne.

Mughals and Kangra:

Jahangir captured Mughal Fort in 1620 and appointed Nawab Ali Khan as the first Kiledaar of Kangra Fort. The Kangra ruler, Raja Hari Chand was a minor at that time.
To ensure fidelity of hill rulers initiated the practice of sending hostages to the Mughal court. In Jahangir’s reign, 22 young princes were hostages at the emperor’s court. Trilok Chand of Kangra was made hostage.

Mughals and Nurpur:

Jahangir visited Dhameri in 1622 and renamed Dhameri as Nurpur.
Jahangir sided with Raja Jagat Singh of Nurpur in Battle of Dhalog (1623 AD) against Janardhan of Chamba. Jagat Singh won the Battle.
Shah Jahan conquered the forts of Maukot, Mau and Taragarh and suppressed the revolt of Raja Jagat Singh of Nurpur and his son Raj Roop 1640 AD.

Mughals and Chamba:

Jahangir sided with Nurpur in Battle of Dhalog, Janardhan of Chamba was killed.
Raja Prithvi Singh (1641-1664 AD) of Chamba was favourite of Shahjahan and visited the imperial court many times. He introduced the Mughal style of court life including Mughal-Rajput art and architecture in Chamba.

Mughals and Sirmour:

In 1634, the Mughal Governor, Nizabat Khan annexed Sirmour to Mughal Empire. Raja Mandhata Prakash was Raja of Sirmaur.
During the Mughal rule almost every princely state of Himachal Pradesh remained under its control. Mughal influence in Pahari art, paintings and architecture: Art and painting blossomed in the hill state with quite a bit of Mughal influence. Emperor Aurangzeb forced his artisans out of the empire. They then took shelter in the hill state and felt safe under the patronage of Rajput rulers. The confluence of Rajput and Mughals originated a distinct school of painting that flowered as Pahari art in Basholi, Kangra, Kullu, Bilaspur, Mandi, Nurpur and Chamba.
Temple Architecture: It is also worth mentioning that Chamunda Devi temple of Chamba also known as devi kothi manifests Mughal influence with its wooden carvings. Even the Brijeshwari devi temple in kangra has a mughal inspired dome.
Fort Architecture: The architecture of palaces and fortress in Himachal too showcase influences of Mughal inspiration like the one seen in Rang Mahal, Chamba. The Arki fort shows a blend of Rajput and Mughal design and art with multifoil arches, curved architecture along with false domes.
Administration: Many of the administrative measures from the Islamic era continue to this day. Designations like Tehsildar, Subedar, Munsiff continue to this day.

Question: 24. Throw light on the Evolution and different aspects of “Basholi style” of Painting.

Answer:

Basohli, a simple town in the Jammu region, was the cradle of Pahari paintings. It gave birth to a unique style of miniature paintings that witnessed a fusion of mythology and traditional folk art. The Pahari School of Art developed in the mountainous regions of Basohli, Kulu, Guler, Kangra, Jammu, and Garhwal between the 17th and 19th centuries. The first centre of the Pahari school materialized at Basohli with its own bold and flamboyant style.
It was under Sangram Pal (1635-1673) and later Kirpal Pal (1678-1693) that Basohli paintings flourished. Vaishnavism was adopted under Sangram Pal and hence the early paintings, specifically the Rasmanjari series, depict Krishna as the protagonist.
The characteristic features of these paintings were the use of bright and bold colours like red, yellow, and blue in the borders, as well as for the generally flat background. The other distinguishing part was the facial features- a prominent nose and lotus-shaped eyes.
Earliest known hill school of painting.
It was a fusion of Hindu mythology, Mughal miniature techniques and folk art. Geometrical patterns, bright colours and lustrous enamel depict Basohli paintings.
Central theme – VAISHNAVISM; Vishnu in his incarnation of Krishna predominates in these paintings.
Arki School and Chamba paintings were influenced by Basholi School of Paintings.
Basholi Kalam was flourished in Arki under the patronage of Rana Mehar Chand (1723-43) and Rana Bhup Chand (1743-78).
Basholi style is toned down in the Guler paintings with its finer drawings and calmer colours. Subsequently, the paintings from Jammu portrayed more clarity and simplicity of individualisation and ultimately transformed into rhythmic, graceful paintings from Kangra. Basohli, nevertheless, gave birth to the Pahari style and paved the way for other centres to flourish.

Question: 25. Discuss critically Sikhs and Hill States relations during later 18th century and first phase of 19th century.

Answer:

Sikhs relations with hill states lyingbetween the Ganga and the Chenab rivers from the time of the Gurus to the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh fluctuated from guarded friendship to open hostility. From the middle of the 18th century, the Sikhs had been rising into power and under their various leaders were everywhere engaged in plunder and rapine.

Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was the first of these chieftains to invade the Kangra hills, and Kangra, Chamba, Nurpur etc.

Jai Singh Kanheya on being called in by Sansar Chand bribed Jewan Khan, son of Saif Ali Khan, who was then dead, to vacate the fort, and thus got possession of it. The Kangra fort remained in his possession for four years.
In 1787, Jai Singh agreed to surrender the fort, in exchange for the territory in the plains which had been conquered by Sansar Chand.

MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH:

In 1806, Gorkhas along with Raja of Bilaspur (Mahan Chand) defeated Sansar Chand in Mahal Morian (Hamirpur).
Sansar Chand requested for support of Ranjit Singh who became ready after initial reluctance. Ranjit Singh signed treaty of Jwalamukhi on July 20, 1809 with Sansar Chand.
In May 1809, Maharaja Ranjit Singh marched towards Kangra with a huge army from Lahore and defeated Gurkhas.
As per the agreement, Maharaja Ranjit Singh returned the command of Kangra states to its original heir but on 24th August 1809 he himself captured the Kangra Fort. He appointed Desa Singh Majithia, the Governor and Kiladar of princely states and charged ‘nazranas’ from other small states. With this began the era of Sikh sovereignty.

Other Hill States and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh:

After acquisition of Nagarkot fort in 1809, the Maharaja summoned all hill forces, personnel’s tributaries to assemble at Sialkot but Raja of Jaswan and Nurpur failed to obey the summons, for which they were fined. After Jaswan state failed to pay the fine, it was annexed to the Sikh Kingdom in 1815 AD.
In 1809, Sibba state came under the control of Raja Ranjit Singh. In 1830, Maharaja restored the state to the Raja Gobind Singh of Sibba.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Kullu:

In 1816-17, ex-Amir of Kabul, Shah Shuja, who was wanted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh (MRS), passed through Kullu. After learning of his let-off, Maharaja Ranjit Singh penalised Kullu with Rs. 80,000. However, Shah Shuja mentioned that people of Kullu treated him rudely.
In 1839, after capturing of Mandi under Gen Ventura of Sikhs, a force was sent to Kullu where easy submission was presented.
The positive impact of sikh rule can be seen in language, architecture and culture of hill states. The dome style is the direct outcome of the Sikh rule. The shrines built in the 18th and 19th centuries by the local rulers are representing the domed style like Jawalamukhi, Chintpurni (Una), Naina Devi (Bilaspur) etc.

Attempt all questions. Answer to Question No. 26 to 28 should not exceed to 400 words in each case. Contents of the answers are more important than their length. Each question carries 20 marks.

Question: 26. Give a detailed account of the Rise of Modern Industry in India during the British Rule. What were the causes of its slow and unbalanced growth?

Answer:

The establishment of large-scale machine-based industries in India was a significant development in the second half of the nineteenth century. In India, the machine age began in the 1850s with the establishment of cotton textile, jute, and coal-mining industries.

State of Indian industries how they fared under British rule are discussed below:

The decline of the handcraft industry: India’s traditional handicraft industry were thriving and well-known on a global scale. When the British arrived in India, they put duties on handcrafted exports to put an end to the practise. The rivalry from products made by machines was also fierce. British goods are now available throughout the nation thanks to the development of the railway system. These causes have caused India’s textile and handicraft industries to collapse.
Slow growth of modern industries: Limited or slow expansion of firms was caused by an uneven infrastructure. Additionally, the lack of heavy and basic industries hampered growth.

Reasons why the Growth of industries in India During British Era was Unbalanced.

British did not paid much attention to the growth of Industries in India which resulted in De-Industrialisation & the reason were:-

First Motive:To get the raw materials from India at a cheap rate and thus, to reduce India to a mere exporter of raw materials to the British industries.
Second Motive: To sell the British manufactured goods in the Indian market at higher prices.

Some Industrial growth (stunted) was witnessed during British Rule in phases:

Growth in 2nd half of Nineteenth Century

Modern industry slowly started to emerge in India during the second half of the nineteenth century. The cotton and jute textile industries stand out among them. However, Indians were in charge of the cotton industry that were restricted to western India. While the foreign-controlled jute textile industries were only present in the Eastern part of the country (Bengal).

Growth after 2nd world war

After the Second World War, a number of new industries emerged, including those in the sugar, paper, cement, steel, and iron sectors. Notably, the Tata Iron and Steel Company was established in 1907. (TISCO).

Growth in Public sector

The sorry state of the Indian industrial sector under the British was defined by this along with the minimal operation of the public sector (railways, power generation, communications, ports, and some other departmental undertakings).

Conclusion:-

A lack of capital goods industry was another issue. These industries are in charge of creating the machines that create consumer goods. These are fundamental from the perspective of manufacturing. Despite the establishment of a few units, the slow development was unable to completely fill the gap left by the textile industry.

Question: 27. Caste system in India got a new lease of life with its increased politicization. Do you agree with this statement? substantiate your answer with relevant examples from the state of Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

The politicization of caste in India refers to the use of caste as a political tool to gain power and influence. This has been a significant feature of Indian politics since independence, with political parties and leaders using caste identities and loyalties to mobilize support and win elections.
There are several factors that have contributed to the politicization of caste in India:

Hierarchical nature of Indian society: India has a long history of caste-based stratification, with different castes occupying different levels of the social hierarchy. This has made it easy for politicians to mobilize support by appealing to caste-based loyalties and identities.
Persistence of caste-based discrimination and inequality: Despite progress in many areas, caste-based discrimination and inequality continue to be prevalent in many parts of India. This has led to frustration and anger among lower-caste communities, who feel that their needs and concerns are being ignored by the political establishment.
Prevalence of poverty and illiteracy among lower-caste communities: Many lower-caste communities in India continue to be characterized by poverty, illiteracy, and lack of access to basic services such as healthcare, education, and employment. This has made them vulnerable to exploitation and manipulation by politicians.
Electoral politics: In India, elections are contested along multiple lines, including caste, religion, language, and region. Political parties and leaders have used this to their advantage by mobilizing support along caste lines and appealing to the needs and concerns of different caste groups.
Reservation policies: The Indian government has implemented reservation policies aimed at promoting social and economic empowerment of lower-caste communities. These policies have become a political tool for politicians, who have used them to gain support among lower-caste communities.
Emergence of new forms of political representation: In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards the formation of political parties and movements based on caste identities. This has further fuelled the politicization of caste, as political leaders seek to mobilize support and gain influence by appealing to caste-based loyalties.

Here are some specific examples of the politicization of caste in India:

Mandal Commission Report: In the late 1980s, the Indian government appointed the Mandal Commission to investigate the socio-economic status of backward classes in India. The Commission’s recommendation to extend reservation benefits to Other Backward Classes (OBCs) led to widespread protests and triggered the politicization of caste.
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): The BSP is a political party that was founded in Uttar Pradesh in 1984 to represent the interests of Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) and other marginalized communities. The party’s focus on caste-based politics has been a key factor in the politicization of caste in India.
Emergence of Regional Caste-based parties: In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards the formation of regional political parties based on caste identities. For example, the Janata Dal (United) in Bihar and the Pattali Makkal Katchi in Tamil Nadu are both parties that are based on specific caste identities.
Caste-based violence: Incidents of caste-based violence, such as the Khairlanji massacre in Maharashtra and the Una flogging in Gujarat, have triggered widespread protests and highlighted the persistence of caste-based discrimination and inequality in India. This has fueled the politicization of caste, as political leaders seek to mobilize support and gain influence by appealing to caste-based loyalties.

Examples from Himachal Pradesh

In Himachal Pradesh, like other parts of India, political parties try to woo different castes by promising them various benefits and privileges, such as job reservations, financial support, and other developmental initiatives. Political parties also try to appeal to certain castes by highlighting the socio-economic and cultural issues faced by these groups and promising to address these issues if elected to power. Political parties also field candidates from specific castes to win their support. Additionally, political parties often organize events and rallies in areas dominated by specific castes to connect with the people and garner support. Through these methods, political parties aim to mobilize support from different castes and establish themselves as the preferred choice for these groups during elections.

Caste Distribution: As per the 2011 census, Himachal has a total population of 68,56,509 of which 17,29,252 (25.22%) are Scheduled Castes (SC), 3,92,126 (5.71%) belong to Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 9,27,452 (13.52%) are from Other Backward Classes (OBC). The rest of the population belongs to upper castes (50.72%) or other communities (4.83%). A further breakup of caste demography shows that among the 50.72% upper castes, 32.72% are Rajputs and 18% Brahmins. The 68-member assembly has 20 reserved seats, 17 for SCs and three for STs.
Domination of Rajputs: Out of the six chief ministers Himachal has seen, five were Rajputs. Rajputs have a considerable population in almost all assembly segments and hold sway over Mandi, Shimla, Kullu, Hamirpur and parts of Kangra. In present government, approximaterly 50 % of total ministers are from this caste.
Schedule Caste: Only second to Rajputs in terms of their number.Unlike some other states where there have been Dalit movements and emergence of caste-based political parties, Himachal’s SC and even the ST voter has traditionally remained with the Congress party and later the BJP also tapped into this large vote bank. They don’t have a mass leader who is their voice and who asserts and fights for their political rights, therefore these crucial Dalit votes get divided between the Congress and the BJP Except for the 17 reserved assembly segments, no party has ever fielded a candidate from the SC community on unreserved seats. The community has a considerable presence among employees, businessmen, farmers, horticulturists and even politicians. But when it comes to power sharing, they get a raw deal. BJP had recently sent Dalit academician to Rajya Sabha from the state, and in 2020 the party had appointed Suresh Kashyap as the state president.
Role of Brahmins: Brahmins have been in the role of kingmakers in Himachal but could never rule barring Shanta Kumar, whose two governments could not complete their terms. Present deputy chief minister is also from this caste.An alliance of Rajputs and Brahmins are dominating the political sphere of Himachal Pradesh.
OBCs: More than 55% of the hill state’s OBC population lives in Kangra. The community dominates in 18 assembly segments across the state, and nine of these are in Kangra alone. At present, four of 15 legislators from Kangra are OBCs. Other districts with considerable OBC population are Una (15.01%), Hamirpur (7.83%), Sirmaur (6.86%) and Solan (4.25%). If the community votes en masse, it can tilt the scales in favour of any party.

Conclusion:

It is true that the politicization of the caste system has given it a new lease of life in India. In recent decades, political parties have increasingly sought to mobilize support among different caste groups, often by emphasizing the historical inequalities and injustices faced by lower-caste communities. This has led to a heightened awareness of the caste system and a growing recognition of the need to address caste-based discrimination and inequality.
However, it’s important to note that the politicization of caste has also had negative consequences. It has sometimes resulted in the reinforcement of caste identities and the entrenchment of caste-based prejudices, rather than promoting greater social integration and equality. Additionally, the politicization of caste has also led to the emergence of a range of caste-based political movements, which have sometimes resorted to violent means to achieve their goals.
In conclusion, while the politicization of the caste system in India has helped to bring attention to the issue of caste-based discrimination and inequality, it has also had some negative consequences and requires careful handling to ensure that it contributes to greater social equality and integration, rather than reinforcing the caste system.

Question: 28. Write a note on hydropower potential, its development and significance for the economic development of Himachal Pradesh.

Answer:

The power is one of the most important inputs for speedier economic growth and overall development of Himachal Pradesh. Severe power shortage is one of the greatest obstacles to the development of any area. Power shortages and disruptions prevent farmers from improving their agricultural incomes, deprive children of opportunities to study, and adversely affect the health of families in State’s tropical climate. Poor electricity supply, stifles economic growth by increasing the costs of doing business in the state, reducing productivity, and hampering the development of industry and commerce which are the major creators of employment in the state. To boost economic growth and human development, one of the State Government’s top priorities is to provide all its citizens with reliable access to electricity.
As a source of energy hydro power is economically feasible, non-polluting and is environmentally sustainable. It makes a direct and significant contribution to economy of the State in terms of revenue generation, employment opportunities and enhancing the quality of life. The five major rivers which originate from the western Himalaya, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj and the Yamuna base through Himachal Pradesh have been blessed with vast hydroelectric potential. The water of these rivers and tributaries provide unlimited scope for generating water power by installing various macro and micro level hydro-power projects. In order to exploit the existing water potential, the state Government has accorded highest priority to hydro power sector.

Growth of hydropower in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is very rich in its hydropower resources, which has about 25 per cent of the national capacity in the region. The State of Himachal Pradesh has an estimated Hydro Potential of 27,436 MW out of which 23,569 MW has been assessed as harnessable while the Government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to forgo balance potential in lieu of safe guarding the environment and to maintain ecological as well as protect various social concerns.

Hydro-power potential in Himachal Pradesh

River Basin	Potential (MW)	Percentage to total Potential
Satluj	13,332	48.6
Beas	5,995	21.8
Chenab	4,032	14.7
Ravi	3,237	11.8
Yamuna	840	3.1
Total	27,436	100

River basin potential (mw) percentage to total potential

The State has been accelerating the pace of Hydropower development through the active involvement of both the public and private sectors. Up to June 2020, a potential of about 10,641 MW has already been harnessed under various sectors. This is 38.78 % of the total potential and 45.15 % of total harnessable potential.

Development of Hydroelectric projects of Himachal Pradesh

In Himachal Pradesh, 162 hydropower projects are fully operational by June 2020 under various sectors. Most of these projects are on the Beas River while the lowest projects are on the Yamuna River. The following major hydroelectric projects are working in Himachal Pradesh:
Parbati Hydro Electric Project (2070 MW): Parbati project is situated in district Kullu of Himachal Pradesh. It is the largest hydroelectric project of the state.
Nathpa Jhakri Project (1500 MW): Nathpa Jhakri Project is the second largest hydro-electric project of Himachal Pradesh built on the Satluj River. But it is first largest operated project of the state. It is located in Shimla and Kinnaur districts of Himachal Pradesh. It derives its name from the name of two villages in the project neighbourhood, i.e. Nathpa in Kinnaur district and Jhakri in Shimla district.
Bhakra Dam (1478 MW): Bhakra Dam is located on river Satluj river in Bilaspur district Of Himachal Pradesh. The dam forms the Gobind Sagar reservoir. Construction of the dam started in 1948 and completed by the end of 1963. Successive stages were completed by the early 1970s.
Karcham Wangtoo (1000 MW): The 1000 MW Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river project consisting of four units of 250 MW each on the river Satluj. It is located at between Karcham and Wangtoo villages in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India.
KOI Dam (800 MW): The KOI Dam Hydropower Project commonly known as Koldam, is located on Satluj river in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. The main purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports 800 MW power station. The dam was constructed by National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
Luhri (775 MW): Luhri Hydro Electric Project is located in district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. It is proposed to harness the hydroelectric potential of the river Satluj between Luhri and Chabba villages. Total installed capacity of this project is 775 MW.
Chamera (540 MW, 300 MW, 231 MW): Chamera hydro electricity project is located on the river Ravi, in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. To harness the hydro power potential of river Ravi, this project is run by NHPC.

Significance of hydro power Projects in Himachal Pradesh are:

Electricity Generation: The main purpose of any hydel project is electric generation. The State Government has opened up power sector to private entrepreneurs. NTPC and NHPC have given large projects like Chamera , Koldam and Parbati schemes for execution The state government is also encouraging co-operative sectors in small and micro-hydel sectors. There are various States, central, joint venture or private projects operating in the State and generating electricity. Himachal Pradesh is getting 13 per cent free power from various power projects, which increased the resources of state government.
Renewable, Clean and Cheaper Source of Energy: When developed in accordance with good environmental and social practices, hydropower plants have the advantage of producing power that is both renewable and clean, as they emit less greenhouse gases than traditional fossil fuel plants. Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity. Hydro plants are dependable and long-lived, and their maintenance costs are IOW compared to coal or nuclear plants. Once a dam has been built and the equipment installed, the energy source i.e. flowing water is free. For example, the Bhakra Nangal plant, now more than 50 years old, has been operating at very low costs per unit. Hydropower plants are, thus, generating cheaper electricity in the long run than other source.
Employment Generation: Construction and execution of any Hydel project result in large opportunity of employment to local people. According to the rules framed by Government of Himachal Pradesh, Private/Central sectors will ensure provision of employment to bonafide Himachalis whose names are registered on live register Of any employment exchange Of Himachal Pradesh. Such type of employment includes unskilled’ skilled staff and other non-executives as may be required for execution, operation or maintenance Of the project. These sectors will also provide employment to the members of each of the displaced family or adversely affected as result Of acquisition Of land for the project.
Boost to Tourism Sector: Hydro projects attract a large number Of tourists Who Visit its reservoir and attractive locations. However, for security reasons, visitors to some of the Dams in Himachal Pradesh have been banned.
Irrigation Facilities: The dam holds excess water during the monsoon and provides a regulated release during the year. Various dams created by hydropower projects, provide irrigation facilities to the fields Of various states, i Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan.
Prevent Damage due to floods: Due to heavy rains, possibility of floods and soil erosion in any region increases. However, when a dam is built in the process Of hydropower generation, chances of floods and other damages are reduced as the continuous rising water level can be stored in these dams. Such a water can be utilized for drinking purpose or irrigation facilities in summer seasons.
Government of Himachal Pradesh is aiming to commission more projects. The government believes to hunt down every possible location that possesses a potential for electricity generation and exploit it in a time bound manner. The Government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to acquire an increasing portion of additional power from the State’s vast untapped hydropower resources.