Allied MAINS EXAM 2025

English Paper

1. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: (6×3=18 Marks)

It is only if we have character that freedom will produce happiness for the millions of our country. Character is not merely a copy-book ideal. It is the wisest national policy that can be conceived by any statesman. It is only if we have character that things will work out well. Otherwise, not only freedom, education and the universities, but the whole constitution will be mere waste paper. Hence, the emphasis on character that should be formed by the best type. We can deceive one another, but can we deceive the laws of nature? If bricks are not true and good and if they are not properly laid, the building will tumble down, whatever may have been the engineer’s words or promises. In the national structure with which we are dealing, deception has no place. Unless we are strenuous in our conduct and honest in our mind, we shall not be able to make a glorious India. Whatever may be the policies and tactics of statesmanship, whatever may be the science and application of politics, whatever may be the organization of Government, if we wish to make India not only free but glorious, as was the hope of those who fought for freedom, we shall have to work very hard and you will all have to be thoroughly honest.

It is difficult to be straightforward? If anyone has any doubt about it, all that we are working for will be vanity. Unless we make up our minds that it is easy to bear the troubles that arise out of straightforwardness, that it is the glory that our country deserves cannot be built. We are not and to overcome them, the glory in Europe, or elsewhere in the world. We are not a small state like some of those in Europe to look up to. We are a great, big country. Even new state with no tradition or culture to look up to. We are a very ancient people with a literature and culture, which, if we could sell them to any other nation, they would give their whole empire to buy. So we must work hard and live up to that tradition and give their friends, take what I say very seriously. It is easy to be culture. Therefore, friends, that arise in life can always be overcome and even if you straightforward. Difficulties your glory. In the first few years of free India, whatever fail, your failure will add to your glory. That is your God-sent job and you must do the work. be the work that comes to you, that is your God-sent job and you must do the work.

We must all resolve that during this period, when we are laying the glorious foundations of a Free India, there shall be no time for wrangling or competitive ambitions. It is time for everyone to seize whatever work he can find and do it as well as he can do it all the twenty-four hours. This is the time when we must double shift, night and day, and build India quickly.

• How does character influence different values and institutions?
• What are the great possessions that we as a nation have?
• How, according to the author, should we approach any task we need to do in building an independent India?
• Give the meaning of the following words and use them in your sentences: emphasis, tactics, and overcome.
• Give the antonym of the following words and use them in your sentences: freedom, glorious, and tradition.

Answers:

(i) How does character influence different values and institutions?

Character influences different values and institutions by being the foundational element that ensures the proper functioning of society. The author stresses that character is vital for freedom, education, and even the constitution to be meaningful. Without strong character, these institutions would be reduced to mere formalities, without true value or purpose. Character shapes individuals to be honest, dedicated, and steadfast, and this results in the success and prosperity of the nation.

(ii) What are the great possessions that we as a nation have?

The great possessions that the nation has, according to the author, are its ancient literature and culture. These are so rich and valuable that, if other nations were to possess them, they would give up their entire empires to have them. The author highlights these as treasures that reflect the depth and strength of India’s historical and cultural heritage.

(iii) How, according to the author, should we approach any task we need to do in building an independent India?

According to the author, we should approach any task with dedication, honesty, and a sense of duty. The author emphasizes that we must work very hard, live up to our tradition, and take our responsibilities seriously. Every task, no matter how difficult, should be approached with straightforwardness and sincerity, as it will contribute to building a glorious and prosperous India. We must also be willing to endure difficulties and challenges as they arise, recognizing them as part of the journey to success.

(iv) Give the meaning of the following words and use them in your sentences:

• Emphasis: The special importance or attention given to something.
  • Sentence: The teacher placed strong emphasis on the importance of honesty in the classroom.
• Tactics: The methods or strategies used to achieve a particular goal.
  • Sentence: The manager discussed the team’s tactics for winning the championship.
• Overcome: To succeed in dealing with a problem or difficulty.
  • Sentence: She worked hard to overcome her fear of public speaking.

(v) Give the antonym of the following words and use them in your sentences:

• Freedom – Oppression
  • Sentence: The people lived in oppression under the authoritarian rule, longing for freedom.
• Glorious – Shameful
  • Sentence: The team’s shameful defeat brought disappointment to their supporters.
• Tradition – Innovation
  • Sentence: The company is focused on innovation, breaking away from traditional business practices.

2. Write a letter describing your summer holiday to a friend whom you hope to persuade to come with you on holiday next year. (10 Marks)

Dear [Friend’s Name],

I hope this letter finds you well! I just got back from my summer holiday, and I couldn’t wait to tell you all about it. It was honestly one of the best trips I’ve ever had, and I think you would absolutely love it too!

This year, I decided to visit [destination], and let me tell you, it was nothing short of amazing. The weather was perfect—sunny and warm every day—and there were so many fun activities to do. I spent most of my days lounging on the beach, soaking up the sun, and swimming in crystal-clear waters. The evenings were just as great, with beautiful sunsets and delicious local food at seaside restaurants. Every meal was an adventure, with fresh seafood, vibrant salads, and tasty desserts that I’m still dreaming about!

Aside from the beach, I also explored some charming little towns, hiked through scenic trails, and even tried some local water sports like kayaking and snorkeling. The scenery was breathtaking—lush mountains, picturesque villages, and sparkling coastlines at every turn.

But what really made this holiday unforgettable was the overall vibe of the place. It was so relaxing, and I felt like I could truly unwind. No stress, no worries—just pure enjoyment. It’s the kind of place where you can do as much or as little as you like, and you always feel like there’s something new to discover.

Next year, I’d love for you to come with me! I know you’d enjoy every moment—whether it’s exploring the local culture, hitting the beaches, or simply enjoying a leisurely day under the sun. I can already imagine how much fun we’d have together!

What do you think? Would you be up for a holiday like this next year? I can start planning it all, and I promise it’ll be a trip to remember. Let me know what you think—I’m sure it’ll be amazing if we go together!

Can’t wait to hear from you!

Warmly,
[Your Name]

OR

Write a letter to the editor of the local newspaper, complaining of the speed and noise of the traffic outside your house.

[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]
[Email Address]
[Phone Number]
[Date]

The Editor
[Local Newspaper Name]
[Newspaper Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]

Dear Editor,

I am writing to express my concern regarding the excessive speed and noise of traffic outside my home on [Street Name], which has become increasingly disruptive to the residents in this area. The situation has worsened over the past few months, and it is now a significant source of distress for my family and neighbors.

The vehicles speeding past our homes create not only a safety hazard but also constant noise pollution, making it difficult for us to enjoy a peaceful environment. This issue is especially troubling during the early mornings and late evenings when traffic tends to be more erratic and loud. The volume of the noise is particularly noticeable during the day when heavy trucks and motorcycles frequently pass through at high speeds.

We are all aware that roads are meant to accommodate vehicles; however, the lack of effective measures to control the speed and noise in our residential area is taking a toll on our quality of life. I urge the local authorities to consider implementing speed bumps, lowering the speed limit, or increasing enforcement of existing traffic laws to ensure a safer and quieter environment for the people who live here.

Thank you for your attention to this matter. I hope the local government and traffic authorities will take prompt action to address this growing problem.

Sincerely,
[Your Name]

3. Write an essay of about 400 words on ONE of the topics given below: (40 Marks)

• Science and Religion.
• Women and Careers.
• The uses and abuses of advertisement.

Science and Religion: A Complex Relationship

Science and religion have long been seen as two realms of human thought that often stand in opposition to one another. While science seeks to understand the natural world through observation, experimentation, and evidence, religion typically offers answers to existential questions and spiritual matters, relying on faith, scripture, and tradition. Despite these differences, the relationship between science and religion is far more nuanced than a simple dichotomy of conflict.

Historically, the tension between science and religion can be traced back to landmark moments, such as the conflict between Galileo and the Catholic Church over the heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo’s scientific discoveries challenged the Church’s geocentric view, and his persecution highlighted the friction between religious doctrine and scientific evidence. This event, among others, led many to believe that science and religion were irreconcilable.

However, it is important to note that science and religion need not be in constant opposition. Many prominent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, were deeply religious individuals who believed that their scientific work was a means of uncovering the divine order of the universe. They saw no conflict between their faith and their scientific endeavors. This perspective suggests that science can complement religion, offering a way to understand the mechanisms of the universe, while religion can provide meaning, purpose, and moral guidance that science cannot address.

In modern times, this debate continues, but many scholars and thinkers advocate for a more harmonious coexistence. The concept of “non-overlapping magisteria,” introduced by biologist Stephen Jay Gould, suggests that science and religion each occupy separate domains of inquiry. Science deals with empirical facts and the “how” of the universe, while religion addresses questions of morality, purpose, and the “why.” According to this view, science and religion are not in competition but rather provide different types of insight into human existence.

Yet, challenges remain. For example, the theory of evolution has sparked significant controversy in religious circles, particularly in communities where creationist beliefs are prominent. Despite this, many religious groups have come to accept the validity of scientific findings, recognizing that faith and science can coexist without undermining one another.

In conclusion, while there are areas where science and religion may conflict, their relationship is complex and multifaceted. Science can help explain the workings of the universe, while religion offers a framework for meaning and morality. Rather than being in opposition, the two can coexist, each contributing to a broader understanding of life and existence.

Women and Careers

The relationship between women and careers has undergone significant transformation over the past century. Historically, women were expected to fulfill domestic roles and were often excluded from participating in the workforce in many sectors. However, with the rise of feminism and the fight for gender equality, women have progressively carved out their space in a variety of career fields, from business to politics, medicine, engineering, and more. Despite remarkable progress, challenges still exist, and the path towards full gender parity in the workplace remains a work in progress.

Historical Context and Shifting Roles

For much of history, women’s roles were primarily confined to the home. The industrial revolution and the two World Wars served as turning points in women’s participation in the workforce. During World War I and World War II, many women entered the workforce in large numbers to fill the roles left vacant by men who went off to fight. This marked the beginning of a new era where women began to prove their capabilities in areas traditionally dominated by men.

However, after the wars, societal expectations often pushed women back into the domestic sphere. The 1950s in particular saw a return to traditional gender roles, as women were encouraged to marry, have children, and focus on homemaking. This stifled many women’s ambitions to pursue careers or advance professionally. Nonetheless, the seeds of change were sown, and by the 1960s and 1970s, second-wave feminism emerged, advocating for women’s rights, including the right to work and pursue careers on an equal footing with men.

Breaking Down Barriers in the Workplace

The latter half of the 20th century saw significant strides toward gender equality in the workplace. The introduction of laws prohibiting gender discrimination, such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, provided legal protections for women in the workforce. These laws allowed women greater access to education and career opportunities, and while barriers still existed, they slowly began to crumble.

Women started entering fields that were previously closed to them, including law, engineering, business, and technology. By the 1980s and 1990s, women were rising to positions of leadership in corporate, political, and academic circles. One of the most prominent figures of this era was Madeleine Albright, who became the first female U.S. Secretary of State in 1997. Her appointment was a powerful symbol of how far women had come in the pursuit of professional success and recognition.

Yet, women still faced challenges. Gender biases in the workplace, the “glass ceiling” effect, and a lack of mentorship for women were among the barriers that limited their professional advancement. In addition, women were often expected to balance their careers with family responsibilities, a double burden that is rarely placed on men.

The Modern Workplace: Progress and Challenges

In today’s globalized world, women continue to make remarkable strides in the workforce. More women than ever before are pursuing higher education and entering professions that were once dominated by men. The rise of female entrepreneurs, such as Oprah Winfrey and Sheryl Sandberg, has showcased that women can excel in business and leadership roles.

However, women still face persistent issues in the workplace. The gender pay gap remains a significant concern, with women earning, on average, less than men for similar work. Despite greater educational attainment among women, their salaries often lag behind those of their male counterparts. According to data from the World Economic Forum, it will take another 131 years to close the global gender pay gap at the current rate of progress.

Moreover, women still encounter obstacles when it comes to achieving leadership positions. While there are notable female leaders in industries such as politics, business, and science, women are underrepresented in senior roles across most sectors. The underrepresentation of women in leadership positions is often attributed to systemic biases, lack of opportunities, and insufficient support for work-life balance.

Workplace Diversity and Gender Equality

The modern workplace is becoming increasingly diverse and inclusive, with many companies actively working toward gender equality. Companies that prioritize diversity and inclusion tend to perform better, as studies show that diverse teams are more innovative and effective in problem-solving. As a result, more organizations are implementing policies that support women, such as flexible work hours, paid parental leave, mentorship programs, and diversity quotas.

Moreover, the rise of digital technology and remote work has opened up new opportunities for women to balance their careers with family life. Remote work allows women to continue their professional development while caring for children or fulfilling other familial responsibilities. These technological advancements may help to reduce the barriers that women have traditionally faced in the workforce, making it easier for them to achieve their career goals.

Conclusion

Women and careers have come a long way, but there is still much work to be done to achieve true gender equality in the workplace. Women have proven time and time again that they are capable of excelling in a wide variety of fields, but societal biases, unequal pay, and lack of leadership opportunities continue to hinder their progress. As more women break down barriers and create new opportunities for themselves and others, the path toward full gender parity becomes clearer. The future of women in the workforce is bright, and with continued effort and societal support, women will continue to shatter glass ceilings and redefine what it means to have a successful career.

The Uses and Abuses of Advertisement

Advertisement has become a ubiquitous presence in our daily lives, whether through billboards on highways, social media ads, or commercials during television programs. At its core, advertisement is a tool designed to inform, persuade, and remind consumers about products, services, or ideas. However, like many tools, advertisement can be used ethically or unethically. Its uses and abuses have sparked significant debate, especially with the rapid advancement of digital technologies and the growing influence of social media platforms. In this essay, we will explore the various uses and abuses of advertisement, highlighting its positive contributions while also addressing its potential negative impacts.

1. The Uses of Advertisement
2. Economic Growth

One of the most prominent benefits of advertising is its contribution to economic growth. By informing consumers about new products and services, advertisements stimulate demand. This leads to an increase in sales, production, and employment. In a competitive marketplace, advertising helps businesses differentiate their products, thereby fostering innovation and economic dynamism. Companies can target specific demographics, ensuring that their products reach the most relevant audiences.

2. Consumer Awareness

Advertisement serves a vital role in educating consumers about available products, services, or opportunities. It provides essential information such as price, features, benefits, and availability, helping consumers make informed decisions. In this way, advertisements ensure that individuals are aware of their choices, whether it’s a new smartphone, a healthcare product, or an educational program. Advertisements also alert consumers about social or political causes, raising awareness on critical issues like climate change or human rights.

3. Cultural and Social Influence

Advertisement has the power to shape culture and societal norms. Through commercials and promotional campaigns, advertisers can influence popular trends, fashion, and even language. Positive campaigns can promote societal values such as environmental sustainability, healthy living, and inclusivity. When used responsibly, advertising can contribute to the common good by encouraging positive changes and behaviors, such as public health initiatives or charitable giving.

4. Fundraising and Support for Public Causes

Non-commercial advertisements, such as those for charities or public service campaigns, can play a significant role in raising awareness and encouraging action for noble causes. Advertisements for cancer research, disaster relief, and environmental conservation can mobilize communities and garner support for important social causes.

2. The Abuses of Advertisement
3. Manipulation and Deceptive Practices

One of the most critical concerns surrounding advertising is its potential for manipulation. Advertisements often employ psychological tactics to trigger emotional responses, convincing consumers to purchase products or services they don’t need. The use of celebrity endorsements, exaggerated claims, and misleading representations can distort reality and misguide consumers. For instance, advertisements for weight loss products may overpromise results or fail to disclose potential risks, preying on people’s insecurities and desires for quick fixes.

2. Exploitation of Vulnerable Groups

Advertising can exploit vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and people with mental health issues. Children, in particular, are highly susceptible to advertising, often unable to differentiate between entertainment and commercial content. Many toy and snack companies target children through bright colors, catchy jingles, and animated characters, encouraging unhealthy consumption patterns and materialistic values. Similarly, advertisements targeting elderly individuals may exploit their fear of aging or loneliness, promoting unnecessary health supplements or products.

3. Environmental Impact

Advertising often promotes consumerism and the constant desire for newer, better products, which contributes to unsustainable practices. The focus on consumption through advertising increases waste, as people are encouraged to discard items that are still functional in favor of newer models. This “throwaway culture” has significant environmental repercussions, from the depletion of natural resources to increased pollution due to the production, packaging, and disposal of goods.

4. Reinforcement of Stereotypes

Advertisements frequently reinforce harmful stereotypes related to gender, race, and social class. For instance, many advertisements present an idealized image of beauty that emphasizes unattainable standards, particularly for women. Such portrayals can lead to body image issues and mental health challenges, particularly among young audiences. Similarly, advertisements often perpetuate stereotypes regarding the roles and behavior of men and women, contributing to a limited and outdated view of society. These representations can hinder social progress and contribute to discrimination.

5. Over-saturation and Invasion of Privacy

In the digital age, advertising has become increasingly invasive, following users across websites and even into their personal devices. While targeted ads aim to provide relevant offers, they can also invade privacy and create a sense of constant surveillance. The relentless bombardment of advertisements, especially on social media, can overwhelm individuals, making them feel as though they are constantly being sold something. This over-saturation can lead to “ad fatigue,” where consumers become disengaged and frustrated with the excessive presence of ads.

Conclusion

In conclusion, advertising is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it serves as an essential tool for economic growth, consumer awareness, and the promotion of cultural and social values. On the other hand, when used irresponsibly, it can lead to manipulation, exploitation, and negative societal impacts. It is imperative that advertisers recognize their ethical responsibilities and work to ensure that their campaigns are transparent, truthful, and respectful of their audiences. At the same time, consumers must remain vigilant and critical of the advertisements they encounter, making informed choices that align with their values and needs. By striking a balance between the uses and abuses of advertisement, we can harness its power for positive social and economic outcomes while mitigating its potential harms.

4. Correct the sentences given below: (10 Marks)

• My train leave in 6 p.m.
• There wasn’t nobody at the office today.
• This are pictures of the beautiful Jog Falls in Karnataka.
• Could you tell me a story, please? I’m sorry, but I don’t know some.
• Cynthia looked pretty in the green dress, isn’t it?
• Please explain me how this works; I’m still confused.
• Where is sharpener?
• How many childrens do you have in your class?
• Mother, I want go out now.
• Is they known to your family?

ANSWERS:

• My train leaves at 6 p.m (solution: When we talk about fixed action of future there we always use simple present not future tense hence leaves would be correct along with prepositions at)
• There wasn’t anybody at the office today. (Double negative cant be used )
• These are pictures of the beautiful jog Falls Karnataka.
• Could you tell me a story please ? I’m sorry, but I don’t know any
• Cynthia looked pretty in the green dress , didn’t she?
• Please explain to me these I’m still confused
• Where is a /the sharpener?
• How many children do you have in your class?
• Mother I want to go out now.
• Are they known to your family?

5. Rewrite the passage given below, adding the appropriate punctuation wherever required: (10 Marks)

during the summer vacation this year we went in a large group to puducherry a charming well planned town that was once a French colony, we booked into a quiet old fashioned hotel very close to the beach road facing the bay of bengal the road is also part of the citys french quarter and is a good place to stroll leisurely and enjoy a scenic view of the citys french quarter and is a good place to stroll leisurely and enjoy a scenic view of the sea on the other side of the town is the traditional tamil quarter with its narrow streets and traditional houses with elaborately carved doorways

ANSWER:

During the summer vacation this year, we went in a large group to Puducherry, a charming, well-planned town that was once a French colony. We booked into a quiet, old-fashioned hotel very close to the Beach Road, facing the Bay of Bengal. The road is also part of the city’s French Quarter and is a good place to stroll leisurely while enjoying a scenic view of the sea. On the other side of the town is the traditional Tamil Quarter, with its narrow streets and traditional houses, featuring elaborately carved doorways.

6. Rewrite the sentences given below after filling up the blanks with the appropriate prepositions: (10 Marks)

i) Officials searched _______ the missing airplane, but it was never found.

ii) I don’t approve _______ his political views.
iii) Mr. Sharma really depends _______ me to arrive on time every morning.
iv) That man was staring _______ me; I think I know him somewhere.
v) The book is divided _______ four parts.
vi) What happened _______ your eye? It looks bruised.
vii) If you back the car out, I’ll watch _______ oncoming traffic.
viii) Don’t throw that stone _______ at me; it could really hurt!
ix) No one laughed _______ the movie; it was very serious.
x) I can barely live _______ the salary I make.

ANSWER: 

• FOR
• OF
• ON
• AT
• INTO
• TO
• FOR
• AT
• AT
• ON

7. Fill in the blanks with words opposite in meaning to the underlined words. Please write each complete sentence in the answer book after replacing with the word opposite in meaning. (10 Marks)

• We must realize the futility of wars.
• This officer is noted for his zeal.
• They have accumulated plenty of wealth over the years.
• He has a weakness for foreign goods.
• The batsman gave a sterling performance.
• His principles are flexible.
• There is not a trace of vanity in her behavior.
• Ramesh is a shrewd person.
• His radical views made him unpopular.
• People are willing to follow the rules.

ANSWER:

• “Futility” refers to the quality of being pointless, ineffective, or having no useful result.

We must realize the usefulness of wars

• This officer is noted for his indifference/apathy.

This  word describe a lack of energy, enthusiasm, or passion—essentially the opposite of zeal.

• They have spent/dispersed plenty of wealth over the years.
• He has a weakness for foreign goods. replace foreign goods

He has a weakness for domestic goods.

• The batsman gave a sterling performance.

(Replace sterling with mediocre)

• His principles are rigid.
  (Replace flexible with rigid)

• There is not a trace of vanity in her behavior.
  (Replace vanity with humility)
• Ramesh is a shrewd

Ramesh is a foolish person.

• His radical (cool or impressive.)views made him unpopular.

His conservative views made him unpopular.

• People are willing to follow the rules.

 Replace follow with avoid or disregard

8. Make sentences with the words given below: (10 Marks)

Lovely, famous, fast, walking, perform, failure, cunning, direct, luggage, formality.

ANSWERS:

Lovely: The garden was filled with lovely flowers that bloomed in the spring sunshine.

Famous: She became famous for her remarkable talent in painting.

Fast: The cheetah is known for being the fastest animal on land.

Walking: After a long day of hiking, I enjoyed walking along the beach at sunset.

Perform: The actors will perform a new play in the theatre this weekend.

Failure: Despite his initial failure, he learned valuable lessons that helped him succeed later.

Cunning: The fox is often considered a symbol of cunning in many folk tales.

Direct: The manager gave a direct answer to the question without hesitation.

Luggage: She struggled to carry her heavy luggage through the airport.

Formality: The meeting began with the usual formalities, including introductions and handshakes

9. Ten answers are given below. Frame the questions that according to you were asked for these answers. (10 Marks)

i) Jadu bought six shirts.
ii) Her first name is Paru.
iii) Marta and Julio are from Argentina.
iv) Ashok and Gita are going to lunch with us.
v) Maria’s hair is blonde.
vi) We had a flat tyre.
vii) I cannot play football because I haven’t finished cleaning the house.
viii) The meeting is at 4 p.m. on Monday.
ix) I have spoken to Mr. Sashrri.
x) John speaks Spanish and German.

ANSWERS:

i) How many shirts did Jadu buy?
Answer: Jadu bought six shirts.

ii) What is her first name?
Answer: Her first name is Paru.

iii) Where are Marta and Julio from?
Answer: Marta and Julio are from Argentina.

iv) Who is going to lunch with us?
Answer: Ashok and Gita are going to lunch with us.

v) What color is Maria’s hair?
Answer: Maria’s hair is blonde.

vi) What happened to the car?
Answer: We had a flat tyre.

vii) Why can’t you play football?
Answer: I cannot play football because I haven’t finished cleaning the house.

viii) When is the meeting?
Answer: The meeting is at 4 p.m. on Monday.

ix) Who have you spoken to?
Answer: I have spoken to Mr. Sashrri.

x) What languages does John speak?
Answer: John speaks Spanish and German.

10. Make a précis of the passage given below, reducing it to one-third of its length. Suggest a suitable title as well.        (22 Marks)

There are two considerations which deserve at least a word in any discussion of the future of the Indian theatre. The first is the rapid development of the cinema as a competition for popular favour. At first in the early flush of cinematic triumph, people – some of whom might have been expected to know better – prophesied the extinction of the theatre. It is now clear that though here and there, temporarily, the theatre may be affected, the cinema can never hope to replace the stage and elbow it out of existence. Experience in the West has shown that the stage will always be required as a feeder to the studio. For the technique is different and great stage actors have always to their disgust discovered that film-acting is at least only a second best to them; it cannot mean to them what the stage means. Something is lacking, the human touch. In the theatre heart responds to heart, and mind acts on mind in a way unknown to the cinema.

Thus the theatre is no danger of extinction. On the other hand, the rivalry of the screen ought to and will put the theatre to a new test and give it a new stimulus that may well lead to still higher planes of artistic achievements.

Finally, a word about what a national language, spoken, written and thought might do for the theatre in India. With new awakening in social life the need for a common tongue is being increasingly felt. Much work is being done to hammer out a common linguistic medium. The day when it is accepted will be a great day for the Indian theatre, as it will be for all art in the country. But the theatre, because its life-blood is the spoken word, will gain most. With a common tongue, with a live national consciousness, the theatre will come into its own as a definite instrument of national soul, reflecting the national mind, interpreting the national heart and dreaming national dreams for the future. (338 words)

ANSWERS:

Precis—When they think of the future of the Indian theatre, two things are to be contemplated. The first is the rivalry of cinema. At one time it was thought that the cinema might oust theatre. But now it is admired that the stage must always be there as a feeder for the studio. Besides the great stage actors do not like the inhuman techniques adopted by the cinema. On the other hand, its challenge might make the theatre rise even to greater heights. Secondly, the adoption of a language may do much for the Indian theatre. Such a language is being formed. When adopted, it will enable the stage to keep the cause of national unity by dramatizing the national consciousness.

Title—Stage Vs Screen